Gravitropism: Changing Ideas

Salisbury, Frank B.

doi:10.1002/9780470650547.ch6

Cited by 60 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Plant gravitropism is divided into three stages: perception, transduction, and response. During the perception phase, starch‐filled statoliths interact with cytoplasmic objects in the specialized gravity‐sensing columella cells (Sack, ; Salisbury, ; Kiss, ; Vandenbrink et al., ). Once the gravity signal is perceived, a differential auxin gradient is sent along opposing sides of the root to the root elongation zone (transduction stage), where differential plant growth occurs and leads to reorientation of the root in the direction of the gravity vector (reviewed by Vandenbrink et al., ).…”

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confidence: 99%

RNA‐seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue‐light phototropic stimuli in microgravity

Vandenbrink

Herranz

Poehlman

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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Kiss. 2019. RNA-seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue-light phototropic stimuli in microgravity. PREMISE: Plants synthesize information from multiple environmental stimuli when determining their direction of growth. Gravity, being ubiquitous on Earth, plays a major role in determining the direction of growth and overall architecture of the plant. Here, we utilized the microgravity environment on board the International Space Station (ISS) to identify genes involved influencing growth and development of phototropically stimulated seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana.METHODS: Seedlings were grown on the ISS, and RNA was extracted from 7 samples (pools of 10-15 plants) grown in microgravity (μg) or Earth gravity conditions (1-g). Transcriptomic analyses via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of differential gene expression was performed using the HISAT2-Stringtie-DESeq2 RNASeq pipeline. Differentially expressed genes were further characterized by using Pathway Analysis and enrichment for Gene Ontology classifications. RESULTS:For 296 genes that were found significantly differentially expressed between plants in microgravity compared to 1-g controls, Pathway Analysis identified eight molecular pathways that were significantly affected by reduced gravity conditions. Specifically, light-associated pathways (e.g., photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, porphyrin, and chlorophyll metabolism) were significantly downregulated in microgravity. CONCLUSIONS:Gene expression in A. thaliana seedlings grown in microgravity was significantly altered compared to that of the 1-g control. Understanding how plants grow in conditions of microgravity not only aids in our understanding of how plants grow and respond to the environment but will also help to efficiently grow plants during long-range space missions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSFunding was provided by grants NNX12A065G and 80NSSC17K0546 from NASA (PI = J. Z. Kiss). We thank the reviewers for insightful comments and review in preparation of this manuscript. DATA AVAILABILITYAll sequences generated in this study are deposited in NASA GenLab (https ://genel ab.nasa.gov/) as data set GLDS 251. SUPPORTING INFORMATIONAdditional Supporting Information may be found online in the supporting information tab for this article. APPENDIX S1. FASTQC results for pooled sample #111: microgravity (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. APPENDIX S2. FASTQC results for pooled sample #114: microgravity (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. APPENDIX S3. FASTQC results for pooled sample #116: microgravity (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. APPENDIX S4. FASTQC results for pooled sample #120: microgravity (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. APPENDIX S5. FASTQC results for pooled sample #175: 1-g (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads.APPENDIX S6. FASTQC results for pooled sample # 179: 1-g (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. APPENDIX S7. FASTQC results for pooled sample # 235-239: 1-g (A) forward and (B) reverse paired-end reads. AP...

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confidence: 99%

RNA‐seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue‐light phototropic stimuli in microgravity

Vandenbrink

Herranz

Poehlman

et al. 2019

American J of Botany

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“…However, gravitropism is a widely studied physiological process (Salisbury, 1993), which plays a key mechanical role in explaining how plant stems can maintain an erect habit, by generating internal forces that counteract the above-mentioned external disturbance by wind or gravity. The control of aerial organ orientation with respect to gravity is necessary to allow the self-standing habit of terrestrial plants, especially in extremely slender, long-lived gigantic structures such as trees .…”

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confidence: 99%

Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction

Alméras

Fournier

2009

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees:Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t A c c e p t e d m a n u s c r i p t 2 AbstractStudies on tree biomechanical design usually focus on stem stiffness, resistance to breakage or uprooting, and elastic stability. Here we consider another biomechanical constraint related to the interaction between growth and gravity. Because stems are slender structures and are never perfectly symmetric, the increase in tree mass always causes bending movements. Given the current mechanical design of trees, integration of these movements over time would ultimately lead to a weeping habit unless some gravitropic correction occurs. This correction is achieved by asymmetric internal forces induced during the maturation of new wood.The long-term stability of a growing stem therefore depends on how the gravitropic correction that is generated by diameter growth balances the disturbance due to increasing self weight.General mechanical formulations based on beam theory are proposed to model these phenomena. The rates of disturbance and correction associated with a growth increment are deduced and expressed as a function of elementary traits of stem morphology, cross-section anatomy and wood properties. Evaluation of these traits using previously published data shows that the balance between the correction and the disturbance strongly depends on the efficiency of the gravitropic correction, which depends on the asymmetry of wood maturation strain, eccentric growth, and gradients in wood stiffness. By combining disturbance and correction rates, the gravitropic performance indicates the dynamics of stem bending during growth. It depends on stem biomechanical traits and dimensions. By analyzing dimensional effects, weshow that the necessity for gravitropic correction might constrain stem allometric growth in the long-term. This constraint is compared to the requirement for elastic ...

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“…Plant tropisms occur in response to gravity, touch, light, temperature, water, ions, chemicals and various gases such as oxygen and ethylene. Gravity is one of the most important cues and plant roots and shoots grow downward (positive gravitropism) or upward (negative gravitropism), respectively (Salisbury, 1993;Molas and Kiss, 2009). Practical reasons to better understand how plants respond to gravity include the reorientation of a crop from the horizontal to normal vertical growth with minimal consequences after a heavy rainfall, strong winds or mechanical perturbance (Blancaflor and Masson, 2003); post harvest quality of flower and vegetable crops such as snapdragons and asparagus; the ability to grow plants in space stations many miles above the earth's surface; and circumnutation movements involved in normal growth in a wide variety of plants (Johnsson et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of gravitropic inflorescence bending in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling Arabidopsis mutants

Arteca

2011

Journal of Plant Physiology

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Gravitropism: Changing Ideas

Cited by 60 publications

References 134 publications

RNA‐seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue‐light phototropic stimuli in microgravity

RNA‐seq analyses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after exposure to blue‐light phototropic stimuli in microgravity

Biomechanical design and long-term stability of trees: Morphological and wood traits involved in the balance between weight increase and the gravitropic reaction

Characterization of gravitropic inflorescence bending in brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling Arabidopsis mutants

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