Gravitational Zoology: How Animals Use and Cope with Gravity

Anken, Ralf; Rahmann, H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_21

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…It was shown that cephalopods are sensitive to particle motion but not to sound pressure, 14 and our study showed that the cephalopod statocyst detects particle motion. The basic structure of the cephalopod statocyst is identical to that of the fish otolith organ in that they are mass‐loaded inertial accelerometers that contain dense statoliths or otoliths attached to sensory hair cells 18,19 . Therefore, the cephalopod statocyst could detect particle motion in the same manner as the fish otolith organ; the cephalopod statocyst could be stimulated when particle motion encompasses the whole animal body and causes it to move.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic structure of the cephalopod statocyst is identical to that of the fish otolith organ in that they are mass-loaded inertial accelerometers that contain dense statoliths or otoliths attached to sensory hair cells. 18,19 Therefore, the cephalopod statocyst could detect particle motion in the same manner as the fish otolith organ; the cephalopod statocyst could be stimulated when particle motion encompasses the whole animal body and causes it to move. Moreover, the otolith organ of fish has been modeled theoretically as a simple harmonic oscillator because of its basic structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underwater sound detection by cephalopod statocyst

2008

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The cephalopod receptor of particle motion was identified. In a previous study, it was suggested that statocysts served this function, but there was no direct supporting evidence, and epidermal hair cells had not been conclusively ruled out. Experiments on Octopus ocellatus were conducted using respiratory activity as an indicator of sound perception. Intact animals clearly responded to 141-Hz particle motion at particle accelerations below 1.3 ¥ 10 -3 m/s 2 , and the mean perception threshold at this frequency was approximately 6.0 ¥ 10 -4 m/s 2 . Specimens in which the statoliths had been surgically removed did not show any response for accelerations up to 3.9 ¥ 10 -3 m/s 2 at 141 Hz, which was approximately 16 dB greater than the mean perception threshold at this frequency. Specimens that had undergone a control operation in which the statoliths remained intact showed positive responses at 2.8 ¥ 10 -3 m/s 2 for the same frequency stimulus. This indicates that the statocyst, which is morphologically similar to the inner ear system in fish, is responsible for the observed responses to particle motion in O. ocellatus. This is the first direct evidence that cephalopods detect kinetic sound components using statocysts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underwater sound detection by cephalopod statocyst

2008

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“…The calcareous statolith in ctenophores, calcium carbonate inclusions in snails, air bubbles trapped in certain passageways in a number of aquatic insects, and fluid flow in the mammal inner ear represent a few strategies that animals use in receiving the gravitational pull (Anken and Rahmann, 2002;Brusca and Brusca, 2003). The use of melanin in geotaxis has not been found in other metazoans, and thus appears to be unique to ascidians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pigmentation in the sensory organs of the ascidian larva is essential for normal behavior

Jiang

Tresser

Horie

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Fishes generally use visual and vestibular senses for postural equilibrium maintenance and orientation (Anken and Rahmann, 2002). Because O. rochei and C. acus are active in dark environments, these functions will mainly rely on the vestibular sense.…”

Section: Sagitta Morphology and Vestibular Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hearing capacities and otolith size in two ophidiiform species (Ophidion rocheiandCarapus acus)

Kéver

Colleye

Herrel

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Numerous studies have highlighted the diversity of fish inner ear morphology. However, the function of the shape, size and orientation of the different structures remains poorly understood. The saccule (otolithic endorgan) is considered to be the principal hearing organ in fishes and it has been hypothesized that sagitta (saccular otolith) shape and size affect hearing capacities: large sagittae are thought to increase sensitivity. The sagittae of many ophidiids and carapids occupy a large volume inside the neurocranium. Hence they are a good structure with which to test the size hypothesis. The main aim of this study was to investigate hearing capacities and inner ear morphology in two ophidiiform species: Ophidion rochei and Carapus acus. We used a multidisciplinary approach that combines dissections, μCT-scan examinations and auditory evoked potential techniques. Carapus acus and O. rochei sagittae have similar maximal diameters; both species have larger otoliths than many nonophidiiform species, especially compared with the intra-neurocranium volume. Both species are sensitive to sounds up to 2100 Hz. Relative to the skull, O. rochei has smaller sagittae than the carapid, but better hearing capacities from 300 to 900 Hz and similar sensitivities at 150 Hz and from 1200 to 2100 Hz. Results show that hearing capacities of a fish species cannot be predicted only based on sagitta size. Larger otoliths (in size relative to the skull) may have evolved mainly for performing vestibular functions in fishes, especially those species that need to execute precise and complex movements.

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Gravitational Zoology: How Animals Use and Cope with Gravity

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Underwater sound detection by cephalopod statocyst

Underwater sound detection by cephalopod statocyst

Pigmentation in the sensory organs of the ascidian larva is essential for normal behavior

Hearing capacities and otolith size in two ophidiiform species (Ophidion rocheiandCarapus acus)

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