Gravimetric Methods – Absolute and Relative Gravity Meter: Instruments Concepts and Implementation

Niebauer, T. M.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53802-4.00057-9

Cited by 22 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In the band 50-500 s, the NLNM level can only be reached by outstanding longperiod seismometers, superconducting gravimeters, or exceptionally stable and sensitive spring gravimeters (Laske & Widmer-Schnidrig, 2015;Zürn et al, 2000). Spring gravimeters experience an instrumental white noise of which the PSD is about 15 dB higher than superconducting gravimeters, which is equivalent to 400 (nm/s 2 ) 2 /Hz from our experience and in the study of Niebauer (2015)(the gPhone is referred to as Portable Earth Tide in his publication). This level is 35 dB higher than the NLNM level ( Figure A11).…”

Section: 1002/2017rg000566mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Each PSD represents the average of five quiet days. The noise level of the gPhone #028 is inferred from Niebauer (2015). The gPhone#032 is installed in the Rochefort Cave, 40 m underneath the iGrav#019.…”

Section: 1002/2017rg000566mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Absolute gravimeters give direct access to the gravity value, whereas relative instruments provide gravity variations only. A comprehensive review of these instruments is beyond the scope of our paper; details on spring gravimeters, pendulum gravimeters, and classical ballistic gravimeters can be found in the comprehensive paper of Niebauer () and in Crossley et al (), Hinderer et al (), and Torge (), while superconducting gravimeters, as well as data processing, are described in detail by Hinderer et al (). A short description of atom gravimeters is given by Debs et al ().…”

Section: Measuring Gravitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements

Camp

Viron

Watlet

et al. 2017

Reviews of Geophysics

177

105

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In a context of global change and increasing anthropic pressure on the environment, monitoring the Earth system and its evolution has become one of the key missions of geosciences. Geodesy is the geoscience that measures the geometric shape of the Earth, its orientation in space, and gravity field. Time‐variable gravity, because of its high accuracy, can be used to build an enhanced picture and understanding of the changing Earth. Ground‐based gravimetry can determine the change in gravity related to the Earth rotation fluctuation, to celestial body and Earth attractions, to the mass in the direct vicinity of the instruments, and to vertical displacement of the instrument itself on the ground. In this paper, we review the geophysical questions that can be addressed by ground gravimeters used to monitor time‐variable gravity. This is done in relation to the instrumental characteristics, noise sources, and good practices. We also discuss the next challenges to be met by ground gravimetry, the place that terrestrial gravimetry should hold in the Earth observation system, and perspectives and recommendations about the future of ground gravity instrumentation.

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Section: 1002/2017rg000566mentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: 1002/2017rg000566mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measuring Gravitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements

Camp

Viron

Watlet

et al. 2017

Reviews of Geophysics

177

105

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show abstract

“…Total water storage variations are available from satellite gravimetry at regional to continental scales (Tapley et al, 2004), however, with low spatial and temporal resolution. Terrestrial gravimetry, in turn, i.e., measuring with gravimeters on the ground (see Crossley et al, 2013 andNiebauer, 2015, for an overview), is an emerging technology for non-invasive monitoring of water storage variations at the landscape scale of some hundreds to thousands of meters in an integrative way over all storage compartments (Bogena et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure

Güntner

Reich

Mikolaj

et al. 2017

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In spite of the fundamental role of the landscape water balance for the Earth's water and energy cycles, monitoring the water balance and its components beyond the point scale is notoriously difficult due to the multitude of flow and storage processes and their spatial heterogeneity. Here, we present the first field deployment of an iGrav superconducting gravimeter (SG) in a minimized enclosure for long-term integrative monitoring of water storage changes. Results of the field SG on a grassland site under wet–temperate climate conditions were compared to data provided by a nearby SG located in the controlled environment of an observatory building. The field system proves to provide gravity time series that are similarly precise as those of the observatory SG. At the same time, the field SG is more sensitive to hydrological variations than the observatory SG. We demonstrate that the gravity variations observed by the field setup are almost independent of the depth below the terrain surface where water storage changes occur (contrary to SGs in buildings), and thus the field SG system directly observes the total water storage change, i.e., the water balance, in its surroundings in an integrative way. We provide a framework to single out the water balance components actual evapotranspiration and lateral subsurface discharge from the gravity time series on annual to daily timescales. With about 99 and 85 % of the gravity signal due to local water storage changes originating within a radius of 4000 and 200 m around the instrument, respectively, this setup paves the road towards gravimetry as a continuous hydrological field-monitoring technique at the landscape scale.

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“…Total water storage variations are available from satellite gravimetry at regional to continental scales (Tapley et al, 2004), however, with low spatial and temporal resolution. Terrestrial gravimetry, in turn, i.e., measuring with gravimeters on the ground (see Crossley et al (2013) and Niebauer (2015) for an overview), is an emerging technology for non-invasive monitoring of water storage variations at the landscape scale in an integrative way over all storage compartments (Bogena et al, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure

Güntner¹,

Reich²,

Mikolaj³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. In spite of the fundamental role of the landscape water balance for the Earth’s water and energy cycles, monitoring the water balance and its components beyond the point scale is notoriously difficult due to the multitude of flow and storage processes and their spatial heterogeneity. Here, we present the first field deployment of an iGrav superconducting gravimeter (SG) in a minimized enclosure for long-term integrative monitoring of water storage changes. Results of the field SG on a grassland site under wet-temperate climate conditions were compared to data provided by a nearby SG located in the controlled environment of an observatory building. The field system proves to provide gravity time series that are similarly precise as those of the observatory SG. At the same time, the field SG is more sensitive to hydrological variations than the observatory SG. We demonstrate that the gravity variations observed by the field setup are almost independent of the depth below the terrain surface where water storage changes occur (contrary to SGs in buildings), and thus the field SG system directly observes the total water storage change, i.e., the water balance, in its surroundings in an integrative way. We provide a framework to single out the water balance components actual evapotranspiration and lateral subsurface discharge from the gravity time series on annual to daily time scales. With about 99 % and 85 % of the gravity signal due to local water storage changes originating within a radius of 4000 and 200 meter around the instrument, respectively, this setup paves the road towards gravimetry as a continuous hydrological field monitoring technique at the landscape scale.

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Gravimetric Methods – Absolute and Relative Gravity Meter: Instruments Concepts and Implementation

Cited by 22 publications

References 42 publications

Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements

Geophysics From Terrestrial Time‐Variable Gravity Measurements

Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure

Landscape-scale water balance monitoring with an iGrav superconducting gravimeter in a field enclosure

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