Graves’ Disease in Children: A Comprehensive Review on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Long-Term Considerations

Abstract

This comprehensive review of Graves’ Disease (GD) addresses some of the challenges in diagnosing the condition and with the techniques utilized. Focus is given to the relevant clinical manifestations, management options, complications and long-term effects, and future directions in treatment. It highlights the critical role of thyroid function tests (TFTs) in confirming thyrotoxicosis, and the role of thyroid autoantibodies in distinguishing GD from other thyroid disorders. It discusses the role of antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, and surgical interventions in the management of GD in children. It sheds light on the risks and benefits associated with each approach. The paper also studies the impact of GD on growth, development, and ophthalmic complications in the pediatric population. Promising advancements in treatment such as B-lymphocyte depletion, CD40 blockage, and small molecule TSH-receptor antagonists are also explored. Lastly, the importance of risk factor assessment, screening programs, and increased research are underscored with an attempt to enhance the understanding and management of GD in children.