We prove that every graph with n vertices and at least 5n − 8 edges contains the Petersen graph as a minor, and this bound is best possible. Moreover we characterise all Petersen-minor-free graphs with at least 5n − 11 edges. It follows that every graph containing no Petersen minor is 9-colourable and has vertex arboricity at most 5. These results are also best possible.
IntroductionA graph H is a minor of a graph G if a graph isomorphic to H can be obtained from G by the following operations: vertex deletion, edge deletion and edge contraction. The theory of graph minors, initiated in the seminal work of Robertson and Seymour, is at the forefront of research in graph theory. A fundamental question at the intersection of graph minor theory and extremal graph theory asks, for a given graph H, what is the maximum number ex m (n, H) of edges in an n-vertex graph containing no H-minor? The function ex m (n, H) is called the extremal function for H-minors.The extremal function is known for several graphs, including the complete graphs K 4 and K 5 [Wag37, Dir64], K 6 and K 7 [Mad68], K 8 [Jør94] and K 9 [ST06], the bipartite graphs K 3,3 [Hal43] and K 2,t [CRS11], and the octahedron K 2,2,2 [Din13], and the complete graph on eight vertices minus an edge K − 8 [Son05]. Tight bounds on the extremal function are known for general complete graphs K t [dlV83, Kos82, Kos84, Tho84, Tho01], unbalanced complete bipartite graphs K s,t [KP08, KP10, KP12, KO05], disjoint unions of complete graphs [Tho08], disjoint unions of cycles [HW15, CLN + 15], general dense graphs [MT05] and general sparse graphs [RW16, HW16].