1D inorganic nanomaterials have been synthesized, which have been widely used for various applications, such as energy storage and conversion, bioelectronics, and electronic/optoelectronic devices. [6][7][8][9] Noteworthy, the smaller the diameter, the more fantastic properties 1D nanomaterials may have. [10] For instance, the semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 0.8-1.6 nm have been taken as promising channel materials for nextgeneration transistors. [11] A tungsten oxide nanowire with a diameter of <1 nm showed a much better photochemical reduction of CO 2 than the commercial tungsten oxides due to the large surface area. [12] So far, the species with a diameter of <5 nm were still limited to a few inorganic materials, which are synthesized by specific conditions, such as chemical vapor deposition for the controlled synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes and solvothermal method to prepare metal oxide nanowires. [13][14][15][16] Methods that can prepare other types of ultrathin 1D nanomaterials on large scale are necessary for the expansion of their application fields.Polymers are well-developed for over a century and are prepared by polymerizing functional monomers with catalyticThe growth of ultrathin 1D inorganic nanomaterials with controlled diameters remains challenging by current synthetic approaches. A polymer chain templated method is developed to synthesize ultrathin Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 nanotubes. This formation of nanotubes is a consequence of registry between the electrostatic absorption of functional groups on polymer template and the growth habit of Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 . The bulk bismuth precursor is broken into nanoparticles and anchored onto the polymer chain periodically. These nanoparticles react with the functional groups and gradually evolve into Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 nanotubes along the chain. 5.0 and 3.0 nm tubes with narrow diameter deviation are synthesized by using branched polyethyleneimine and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the templates, respectively. Such Bi 2 O 2 CO 3 nanotubes show a decent lithium-ion storage capacity of around 600 mA h g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 after 500 cycles, higher than other reported bismuth oxide anode materials. More interestingly, the Bi materials developed herein still show decent capacity at very low temperatures, that is, around 330 mA h g −1 (−22 °C) and 170 mA h g −1 (−35 °C) after 75 cycles at 0.1 A g −1 , demonstrating their promising potential for practical application in extreme conditions.