“…A wide range of materials for a variety of applications was developed, including silica, carbons, layered double hydroxide materials, perovskites, metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, nanomaterials, zeolites, membranes, thin films, aerogels, xerogel, and clays, which were used for various applications such as energy, medicines, sensors, water treatment, solar cells, optoelectronics, and CO 2 conversion. 63–84 Among them, membranes are made of polymers, making them highly flexible, hydrophobic, high-performance, mass-produced, economical, and reliable for specific applications. 85–87 Accordingly, an anion exchange membrane (AEMs) is a semi-permeable membrane with ionic head groups attached to polymer substances.…”