Graphite structure and lithium intercalation

Shi, Hang; Barker, J.; Saïdi, Mohamed; Koksbang, R.; Morris, Lauren

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02562-1

Cited by 83 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It has been reported that lithium intercalation mechanisms and storage capabilities are similar for both rhombohedral and hexagonal graphite structures. [388,390] However, the use of a graphite with a higher portion of rhombohedrally structured graphene planes as lithium intercalation host is claimed to be advantageous in a recent patent. [427] The excess charge consumed in the first cycle is generally ascribed to SEI formation and corrosion-like reactions of Li x C 6 .…”

Section: Lithium Intercalation Into Graphitic Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Winter¹,

et al. 1998

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Section: Lithium Intercalation Into Graphitic Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Winter¹,

et al. 1998

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“…The precipitated phases were mainly composed of graphite-2H. The 2H phase is single layer graphite in the order of AB Bernal stacking (Shi et al 1997). The broad peak at about 23.6° is identified as S8, which originated from the chemicals used during pulping.…”

Section: Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Graphene from Kraft Lignin

2017

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Graphene was manufactured from commercial kraft lignin, and its forming mechanism, structure, and properties were investigated. A single factor test was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the production of graphene nanosheets. Kraft lignin was mixed with iron powders as catalyst with different weight ratios. The mixed carbon source and catalyst were thermally treated at 1000 °C and incubated for a period of time in a tubular furnace. The thermally treated carbon materials were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The preferable conditions for production of graphene nanosheets from kraft lignin were determined. The graphene fold structure was obtained after thermally treating for 90 min when the ratio of carbon source to iron was 3:1. The results revealed that folded lamellar graphene structure increased with greater holding time. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were observed after thermal treatment for 105 min. These results indicate the formation of graphite crystal structure and multi-layered graphene from kraft lignin in the presence of iron catalyst.

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“…But if the measured domain sizes could be considered equivalent to the dimensions of discrete crystallites, they could be used to estimate the ASA. Thus in the absence of suitable alternatives, in practice these parameters are either used directly for materials comparison and selection [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], or as input for simplistic microstructural models [15][16][17]. An example of such a model, shown schematically in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure of natural graphite flakes revealed by oxidation: Limitations of XRD and Raman techniques for crystallinity estimates

Badenhorst

2014

Carbon

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The estimation of the active surface area (ASA) of various macrocrystalline graphitic materials is industrially valuable but the microstructures of these materials are still contestable. This in turn has led to difficulties in the unambiguous interpretation of crystallographic measurements with powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD) and Raman spectroscopy as well as their relationship to the ASA. To resolve this issue a systematic approach is required. As a starting point two widely accepted pXRD and Raman methodologies were utilized. Purified, oxidized, natural graphite flakes were extensively examined to elucidate the essential microstructural features. Based on this an illustrative model was formulated as grounds for interpreting the measured crystallite domain sizes. Only one of the crystallographic parameters could be linked to the observed microstructure. For macrocrystalline graphite both techniques are subject to instrumental limitations and should not be used. Due to the non-linearity of the correlations they are prone to measurement uncertainty and should not be used above acceptable limits. In addition, the current inability to distinguish between different defect types leads to ambiguous results. Despite being a single, interrelated 2 crystal the composite nature of the flakes will make it difficult to relate even an ideal, accurate domain size measurement to the ASA.

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Graphite structure and lithium intercalation

Cited by 83 publications

References 6 publications

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Insertion Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Preparation and Characterization of Biobased Graphene from Kraft Lignin

Microstructure of natural graphite flakes revealed by oxidation: Limitations of XRD and Raman techniques for crystallinity estimates

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