Graphite Saturable Absorber for Q-Switched Fiber Laser

Yuzaile, Y.R.; Awang, Noor Azura; Zakaria, Zahariah; Zalkepali, N.U.H.H.; Latif, Amirah Abdul; Azmi, Ahmad Najib; Hadi, Fatin Shaqira Abdul

doi:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22303

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Passively mode-locked fiber lasers self-started by exploiting a variety of saturable absorbers (SAs) have been investigated for decades [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. These SAs include carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], graphene [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ], graphite [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] and charcoal nanoparticles [ 29 , 30 , 31 ], and topological insulators, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], antimony telluride (Sb 2 Te 3 ) [ 36 ], Bi 2 Te 3 [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], and bismuth selenide (Bi 2 Se 3 ) [ 40 , 41 ], etc. In addition to the well-known slow and fast SAs for fiber lasers, recently, germanium (Ge) was also considered as another promising candidate to serve as a fast SA due to its ultrafast recovery time (sub-picosecond degree) and nonlinear saturable absorption [ 42 , 43 , ...…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature PECVD Growth of Germanium for Mode-Locking of Er-Doped Fiber Laser

et al. 2022

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A low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition grown germanium (Ge) thin-film is employed as a nonlinear saturable absorber (SA). This Ge SA can passively mode-lock the erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) for soliton generation at a central wavelength of 1600 nm. The lift-off and transfer of the Ge film synthesized upon the SiO2/Si substrate are performed by buffered oxide etching and direct imprinting. The Ge film with a thickness of 200 nm exhibits its Raman peak at 297 cm−1, which both the nanocrystalline and polycrystalline Ge phases contribute to. In addition, the Ge thin-film is somewhat oxidized but still provides two primary crystal phases at the (111) and (311) orientations with corresponding diffraction ring radii of 0.317 and 0.173 nm, respectively. The nanocrystalline structure at (111) orientation with a corresponding d-spacing of 0.319 nm is also observed. The linear and nonlinear transmittances of the Ge thin-film are measured to show its self-amplitude modulation coefficient of 0.016. This is better than nano-scale charcoal and carbon-black SA particles for initiating the mode-locking at the first stage. After the Ge-based saturable absorber into the L-band EDFL system without using any polarized components, the narrowest pulsewidth and broadest linewidth of the soliton pulse are determined as 654.4 fs and 4.2 nm, respectively, with a corresponding time–bandwidth product of 0.32 under high pumping conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Temperature PECVD Growth of Germanium for Mode-Locking of Er-Doped Fiber Laser

et al. 2022

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Carbon Nanomaterials Based Saturable Absorbers for Ultrafast Passive Mode-Locking of Fiber Lasers

Cheng

Lin

2020

CNANO

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This paper emphasizes on overviewing the developing progress of the state-of-the-art carbon nanomaterial-based saturable absorbers for passively mode-locked fiber lasers, including carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, graphite and other carbon nanomaterials. With reviewing the performances of these proposed candidates, the characteristic parameters required for initiating and stabilizing the passive mode-locked fiber lasers are summarized for comparison and discussion. At first, the basic characteristics such as saturation intensity and self-amplitude-modulation (SAM) coefficients of the CNT material with different-wall types are discussed in detail. In comparison, the single-wall CNT possesses optical nonlinearity better than double-wall CNT, whereas the doublewall CNT exhibits wavelength tenability and the multi-wall CNT fails to initiate mode-locking. Subsequently, different graphene saturable absorbers with slightly changing their optical properties made by various fabrication technologies are introduced to take over the role of typical CNT saturable absorber. The detailed analyses on graphene saturable absorber for developing various types of passively mode-locked fiber lasers are overviewed. At last, other new-aspect graphite and carbon nanomaterials related saturable absorbers have emerged because they reveal similar optical nonlinearity with graphene but exhibit cost-effectiveness and easy-production. When changing saturable absorber from graphene to other carbon nanomaterials, the modulation depth is decreased but the saturation intensity is concurrently enlarged because of the disordered structure with increased interlayer spacing and reduced graphene content. At the current stage, selecting carbon nanomaterials with high nonlinear absorbance and low saturated intensity for large SAM coefficient is the golden rule for passively mode-locked the fiber lasers in future academic and industrial applications.

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Graphite Saturable Absorber for Q-Switched Fiber Laser

Cited by 2 publications

References 41 publications

Low-Temperature PECVD Growth of Germanium for Mode-Locking of Er-Doped Fiber Laser

Low-Temperature PECVD Growth of Germanium for Mode-Locking of Er-Doped Fiber Laser

Carbon Nanomaterials Based Saturable Absorbers for Ultrafast Passive Mode-Locking of Fiber Lasers

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