“…Diwadkar & McNamara, 1997;Montello, Hegarty, Richardson, & Waller, 2004;Presson, DeLange, & Hazelrigg, 1987Presson & Hazelrigg, 1984;Richardson, Montello, & Hegarty, 1999;Sholl & Nolin, 1997; but see Roskos-Ewoldsen, McNamara, Shelton, & Carr, 1998 for contradictory findings). To avoid confusion, direction givers and receivers must coordinate their efforts by selecting an appropriate perspective or frame of reference, assessing the familiarity of the environment, and understanding their individual skills and preferences, as well as cultural conventions for communication (Allen, 2000;Allen, Kirasic, & Beard, 1989;Carlson-Radvansky & Radvansky,1996;Levinson, 1996;Plumert, Pick, Marks, Kintsch, & Wegesin, 1994;Plumert & Strahan, 1997;Taylor & Tversky, 1992;Wright et al, 1995). For instance, Golding et al (1996) found that when approached by a student requesting wayfinding directions, participants asked clarifying questions to be sure that they were describing the correct destination and to assess the requester's knowledge of the campus.…”