Graphic symbol recognition: An overview

Performance Evaluation of Symbol Recognition and Spotting Systems: An Overview

“…The methods can be classified according to two main families [8] [11] [31]: statistic and syntactic & structural. In the second case, methods usually work at the graph level where it is difficult to do a learning step [22].…”

“…Several surveys [8] [11] [31] [47] review existing works on logical diagrams, engineering drawings, maps, etc. In a very general way [31], a symbol can be defined as "a graphical entity with a particular meaning in the context of an specific application domain" and then symbol recognition as "a particular application of the general problem of pattern recognition, in which an unknown input pattern (i.e.…”

“…Traditionally, this step was done independently for every system [8] [31] [47], by comparing manually the results with the original images and checking the recognition errors. This process was unreliable as it raises conflicts of interest and does not provide relevant results.…”

Architectural symbol recognition using a network of constraints

“…The recognition of graphical symbols is a well-known problem, for which many methods have been proposed (Cordella and Vento 1999;Chhabra 1998). A first family of methods has been adapted to documents such as diagrams, basically made of symbols and connecting lines-see (Yu et al 1997) as a typical example.…”

A general framework for the evaluation of symbol recognition methods

“…Symbols are key elements in all kinds of graphic documents, as they usually convey a particular meaning in the context of the application domain. Therefore, identifying and recognizing the symbols in a drawing is essential for its analysis and interpretation and a great variety of methods and approaches have been developed (see some of the surveys on symbol recognition [5,8,17] to get an overview of the current state of the art).…”