Graphene used as a lateral force microscopy calibration material in the low-load non-linear regime

Boland, Mathias J.; Hempel, Jacob; Ansary, Armin; Nasseri, Mohsen; Strachan, Douglas R.

doi:10.1063/1.5044727

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…where 𝛼 represents the conversion (calibration) factor. More details about the determination process of 𝛼 may be found in the respective literature [20,21]. The Archimedes' density of the samples, which shows variety due to the Gr concentration, was determined using the density determination kit.…”

Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Al-Cu-Mg Composite Fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviour

Pekok

Setchi²,

Ryan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Aluminium-based metal matrix composites reinforced with Graphene (Gr) and its derivatives have been reported as promising composites due to their superior properties such as strength, damage tolerance, fatigue resistance, and density. However, the crack and porosity susceptibility of Aluminium 2024 Alloy (AA2024) with added Gr when fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques is not sufficiently well understood. The present work addresses this knowledge gap by focusing on the effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs) and scanning speed on the AA2024 composites’ wear performance, microstructural and mechanical properties of fabricated specimens using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). The experimental findings demonstrate that the Gr presence in the composite up to 0.5% improves its crystallite size and microhardness by up to 37.6% and 45%, respectively; however, it increases the porosity and crack formation due to the high laser power requirement. Moreover, the composites’ macroscale scratch and nanoscale wear performances showed improvements by up to 50% and 56% with higher Gr concentration (0.5%), suggesting that Gr is distributed uniformly in the structure. The improved understanding of the relationship between microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the GNPs/Al2024 composites fabricated using LPBF in terms of cracking and porosity formation is another significant contribution of this work.

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Section: Analytical Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Al-Cu-Mg Composite Fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviour

Pekok

Setchi²,

Ryan³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Additionally, the lateral voltage output (M), which was recorded by the position-sensitive detector of AFM, was used to calculate the friction coefficient (μ) as [20] where α represents the conversion (calibration) factor. More details about the determination process of α may be found in the respective literature [21,22]. The Archimedes' density of the samples, which shows variety due to the Gr concentration, was determined using the density determination kit.…”

Section: Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene nanoplatelets reinforced Al-Cu-Mg composite fabricated using laser powder bed fusion: microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behaviour

Pekok

Setchi

Ryan

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Aluminium-based metal matrix composites reinforced with graphene (Gr) and its derivatives have been reported as promising composites due to their superior properties such as strength, damage tolerance, fatigue resistance, and density. However, the crack and porosity susceptibility of Aluminium 2024 Alloy (AA2024) with added Gr when fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques is not sufficiently well understood. The present work addresses this knowledge gap by focusing on the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and scanning speed on the AA2024 composites’ wear performance and microstructural and mechanical properties of specimens fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The experimental findings demonstrate that up to 0.5% presence of Gr in the composite improves its crystallite size and microhardness by up to 37.6% and 45%, respectively; however, it increases the porosity and crack formation due to the high laser power requirement. Moreover, the composites’ macroscale scratch and nanoscale wear performances showed improvements by up to 50% and 56% with higher Gr concentration (0.5%), suggesting that Gr is distributed uniformly in the structure. The improved understanding of the relationship between microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the GNPs/Al2024 composites fabricated using LPBF in terms of cracking and porosity formation is another significant contribution of this work. Graphical abstract

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“…By quantifying the variation of the frictional signal on contrasting slopes, a lateral force conversion factor can be calculated by an analytical equation derived based on the Amontons' law. However, it has been recognized that the wedge method is invalid for small loading forces due to the failure of the law's assumption [7,8]. The thermal noise method, which was established for normal spring constant calibration, has also been proposed for calibrating the torsional spring constant [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral force calibration for atomic force microscope cantilevers using a suspended nanowire

Zhang

Wei

et al. 2020

Nanotechnology

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Friction measurement via atomic force microscope (AFM) relies on accurate calibration for the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever and its lateral deflection sensitivity. Here we describe a method that employs a suspended nanowire (SNW) as a reference beam to quantify the torsional spring constant of AFM cantilevers. Based on the fact that a uniform SNW with cylindrical symmetry has an identical spring constant when bent in any direction perpendicular to its axis, the spring constant of the SNW in a normal direction is determined by an AFM cantilever with a known normal spring constant, and is subsequently used as a force transfer standard to calibrate the torsional spring constant of the AFM cantilever. The lateral deflection sensitivity can be accurately measured by pushing the AFM tip laterally on the groove edge. The calibration result is compared to the well-known diamagnetic lateral force calibrator method and shows an uncertainty of 15% or better. The presented method is applicable for the lateral force calibration of AFM cantilevers in a wide range of instruments including inverted configurations and in an ultrahigh vacuum.

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Graphene used as a lateral force microscopy calibration material in the low-load non-linear regime

Cited by 4 publications

References 62 publications

Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Al-Cu-Mg Composite Fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviour

Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Al-Cu-Mg Composite Fabricated using Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Wear Behaviour

Graphene nanoplatelets reinforced Al-Cu-Mg composite fabricated using laser powder bed fusion: microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear behaviour

Lateral force calibration for atomic force microscope cantilevers using a suspended nanowire

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