Graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas—A review

Dato, Albert

doi:10.1557/jmr.2018.470

Cited by 68 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(240 reference statements)

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“…GSG was produced by the substrate‐free gas‐phase synthesis method. [ 5,6 ] Pure ethanol (Sigma‐Aldrich 200 proof, HPLC/spectrophotometric grade) was delivered directly into an argon plasma that was generated using an atmospheric pressure microwave (2.45 GHz) plasma reactor (MKS/ASTeX AX2518). Pure ethanol was used to ensure that the resulting synthesized powder only consisted of GSG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gas‐phase‐synthesized graphene (GSG) can be produced in a single step through the delivery of a carbon‐containing precursor into microwave‐generated atmospheric pressure argon plasmas. [ 5,6 ] The continuous synthesis process does not require substrates or catalysts. Numerous studies have shown that precursors that have a C:H:O ratio of 2:6:1, such as ethanol and dimethyl ether, are conducive to GSG production in atmospheric plasmas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have shown that precursors that have a C:H:O ratio of 2:6:1, such as ethanol and dimethyl ether, are conducive to GSG production in atmospheric plasmas. [ 6 ] However, GSG was not created through the delivery of methanol and isopropanol, which have C:H:O ratios of 1:4:1 and 3:8:1, respectively. [ 6 ] GSG is highly ordered and does not exhibit contamination, holes, substitutions, or extended topological defects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 6 ] However, GSG was not created through the delivery of methanol and isopropanol, which have C:H:O ratios of 1:4:1 and 3:8:1, respectively. [ 6 ] GSG is highly ordered and does not exhibit contamination, holes, substitutions, or extended topological defects. [ 6 ] GSG also has a crumpled morphology, and recent studies have shown that crumpled graphene sheets are capable of effectively dispersing and resisting aggregation in liquids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 6 ] GSG is highly ordered and does not exhibit contamination, holes, substitutions, or extended topological defects. [ 6 ] GSG also has a crumpled morphology, and recent studies have shown that crumpled graphene sheets are capable of effectively dispersing and resisting aggregation in liquids. [ 7,8 ] Due to these features, GSG is a promising filler material for GNCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy‐matrix nanocomposites reinforced with graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas

Nakahara

Knego

Sloop

et al. 2020

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Graphene can be synthesized in the gas phase using atmospheric plasmas. Gas-phase-synthesized graphene (GSG) possesses features that make it a promising filler material for enhancing the properties of polymers. In this study, epoxy-matrix nanocomposites reinforced with GSG were investigated. Mixing GSG with epoxy showed that the nanomaterial effectively disperses and resists aggregation in polymer resins. Significant increases in both strength and strain at break were revealed through the tensile testing of GSG-filled nanocomposites. In contrast, nanocomposites containing graphene nanoplatelets exhibited enhanced strength but diminished strain at break. Imaging of nanocomposite fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy indicated considerable matrix reinforcement by GSG.These results show that unique strengthening mechanisms exist in polymers reinforced with graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas. K E Y W O R D Sgraphite, microwave discharges, nanocomposites, nanotechnology

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy‐matrix nanocomposites reinforced with graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas

Nakahara

Knego

Sloop

et al. 2020

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Functional Nanomaterials from Waste and Low‐Value Natural Products: A Technological Approach Level

Levchenko

Mandhakini

Prasad

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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Low‐ and negative‐value (waste) products represent a valuable resource. Its use as a source for the fabrication of high value materials represents a lucrative pathway to increasing sustainability and decreasing the economic cost of various industries. Thermochemical methods for the valorization of biowaste and low‐value natural products are simple and cheap yet sufficiently efficient to deliver significant economic benefits. Plasma‐based methods represent another family of technologies for waste‐to‐value conversion. The nanostructure nucleation and growth in plasmas involve a complex set of physical and chemical processes that occur in bulk plasma and on surfaces. The choice between these two types of technology assumes a complex optimization that takes into account several factors including the cost of precursors; initial outlay and operating cost of equipment; the cost of labor; the cost of production engineering including the research and development efforts for designing the industrial technology, which is typically higher for the plasma‐based systems, and so on. In this article a technology level comparison of thermochemical and plasma‐based techniques for the valorization of raw and waste biomass, where the intent is to use the resulting products for environmental remediation, energy storage, optoelectronics, and biomedical applications, is presented.

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On the transition of reaction pathway during microwave plasma gas‐phase synthesis of graphene nanosheets: From amorphous to highly crystalline structure

Toman

Jašek

Šnírer

et al. 2021

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and proton‐transfer‐reaction–mass spectrometry are used in a complementary way to study gas‐phase processes during decomposition of ethanol in a microwave plasma torch. Decomposition products (C, C2 and simple hydrocarbons) reassemble into higher hydrocarbons and graphene nuclei and further grow into graphene nanosheets (GNS). Depending on microwave power, ethanol flow rate and molecular gas admixture, the material structure changes from amorphous to crystalline. The presence of C2n + 1H y species was found to be responsible for the formation of defects in the GNS structure. O2 and H2 admixtures change the gas temperature axial profile and consequently modify reaction pathways influencing growth and production rate of GNS. Determination of reaction pathway selectivity enables us to predict whether high‐quality or defective GNS are produced.

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Graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas—A review

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 68 publications

References 123 publications

Enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy‐matrix nanocomposites reinforced with graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas

Enhanced mechanical properties of epoxy‐matrix nanocomposites reinforced with graphene synthesized in atmospheric plasmas

Functional Nanomaterials from Waste and Low‐Value Natural Products: A Technological Approach Level

On the transition of reaction pathway during microwave plasma gas‐phase synthesis of graphene nanosheets: From amorphous to highly crystalline structure

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