Graphene–Perovskite Solar Cells Exceed 18 % Efficiency: A Stability Study

Abstract

Interface engineering is performed by the addition of graphene and related 2 D materials (GRMs) into perovskite solar cells (PSCs), leading to improvements in the power conversion efficiency (PCE). By doping the mesoporous TiO layer with graphene flakes (mTiO +G), produced by liquid-phase exfoliation of pristine graphite, and by inserting graphene oxide (GO) as an interlayer between the perovskite and hole-transport layers, using a two-step deposition procedure in air, we achieved a PCE of 18.2 %. The obtained PCE value mainly results from improved charge-carrier injection/collection with respect to conventional PSCs. Although the addition of GRMs does not influence the shelf life, it is beneficial for the stability of PSCs under several aging conditions. In particular, mTiO +G PSCs retain more than 88 % of the initial PCE after 16 h of prolonged 1 sun illumination at the maximum power point. Moreover, when subjected to prolonged heating at 60 °C, the GO-based structures show enhanced stability with respect to mTiO +G PSCs, as a result of thermally induced modification at the mTiO +G/perovskite interface. The exploitation of GRMs in the form of dispersions and inks opens the way for scalable large-area production, advancing the possible commercialization of PSCs.

Atmospheric Dry Hydrogen Plasma Reduction of Inkjet‐Printed Flexible Graphene Oxide Electrodes

“…Grapheneh as great application potential in av ariety of electronic systems, [1] particularly in devices for energy harvesting [2][3][4] and storage, [5] as well as lighting. [6,7] Environmentala pplications have also been reported, such as managemento f harmful gases [8] and water purification.…”

Interfacial Morphology Addresses Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Composite Hole Transporting Materials of Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide and P3HT

“…This is indeed a key requirement for planning the fabrication of large area (>50 cm 2 ) PSCs [39] and will constitute the subject of our future investigations, together with studies of the influence of these functionalized RGO@P3HT HTM on device stability to environmental factors. [39,[69][70][71][72] At the same time, this work demonstrates the possibility to control the morphology of GBMs dispersed within a polymer layer, by modifying the covalently grafted functionalities. This represents per se a step forward in the understanding of structure-property relationships in complex soft functional materials: in fact, while RGO-PhOHex@P3HT thin films appear to be suitable for PSCs applications due to their smooth surface, RGO-PhBiTh@P3HT ones, featuring a number of surface wrinkles, might be employed for applications requiring active species with high surface areas, such as photocatalysis [73] or supercapacitors.…”

“…Particularly remarkable is the high reproducibility found for the PSCs based on RGO‐PhOHex@P3HT HTM. This is indeed a key requirement for planning the fabrication of large area (>50 cm 2 ) PSCs and will constitute the subject of our future investigations, together with studies of the influence of these functionalized RGO@P3HT HTM on device stability to environmental factors …”

Supramolecular Coordination of Pb2+ Defects in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Films Using Truxene Derivatives as Lewis Base Interlayers

“…[9] Recently, in hybrid lead halide perovskite materials, many research groups have started to study the effect of molecules, as additives, to reduce the presence of surface defects . [12][13][14] Organic molecules with truxene structure (see Scheme 1, 1a) have been explored [15] in organic solar cells, [16][17][18] organic light emitting diodes, [19] and as a hole transport material in perovskite solar cells [20][21][22] due to their good optical and semiconductor properties. [12][13][14] Organic molecules with truxene structure (see Scheme 1, 1a) have been explored [15] in organic solar cells, [16][17][18] organic light emitting diodes, [19] and as a hole transport material in perovskite solar cells [20][21][22] due to their good optical and semiconductor properties.…”

“…[2,10,11] As an example, the recent work of Di Carlo's group shows that the use of graphene oxide leads to an increase in the solar to energy conversion efficiency due to the suppression of carrier recombination centres associated to surface defects. [12][13][14] Organic molecules with truxene structure (see Scheme 1, 1a) have been explored [15] in organic solar cells, [16][17][18] organic light emitting diodes, [19] and as a hole transport material in perovskite solar cells [20][21][22] due to their good optical and semiconductor properties. In addition, truxene molecules have good solubility in most common organic solvents, which improves film morphology.…”