Graphene Oxide‐Template Controlled Cuboid‐Shaped High‐Capacity VS₄ Nanoparticles as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attentions for large-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy. However, exploring suitable anode materials with high reversible capacity and cyclic stability is still a challenge. The VS 4 , with parallel quasi-1D chains structure of V 4+ (S 2 2− ) 2 , which provides large interchain distance of 5.83 Å and high capacity, has showed great potential for sodium storage. Here, the uniform cuboid-shaped VS 4 nanoparticles are prepared as anode for sodium-ion batteries by the controllable of graphene oxide (GO)-template contents. It exhibits superb electrochemical performances of high-specific charge capacity (≈580 mAh·g −1 at 0.1 A·g −1 ), long-cycle-life (≈98% retain at 0.5 A·g −1 after 300 cycles), and high rates (up to 20 A·g −1 ). In addition, electrolytes are optimized to understand the sodium storage mechanism. It is thus demonstrated that the findings have great potentials for the applications in high-performance sodium-ion batteries.

Vanadium‐Based Nanomaterials: A Promising Family for Emerging Metal‐Ion Batteries

“…As an SIB anode, a high reversible capacity of 641 mAh g −1 was obtained at 0.1 A g −1 , but the capacity started to decrease quickly only after 25 cycles. Wang et al further optimized the performance of VS 4 as SIB anode both in electrode and electrolyte. They found that using ester‐based electrolyte resulted in much stable cycling performance than that using ether‐based electrolyte.…”

Enhanced Kinetics over VS4 Microspheres with Multidimensional Na+ Transfer Channels for High‐Rate Na‐Ion Battery Anodes

“…Rechargeable Na‐ion batteries (SIBs) are considered a compelling candidate for large‐scale sustainable electrochemical energy storage, because Na metal possesses several advantages, such as high natural abundance, decent energy densities, and similar properties to Li metal . Among all of the reported anode materials for SIBs, V‐based sulfides have attracted attention owing to their high reversible capacities resulting from the large Na + storage spacing and the polytropic valence of V ranging from +5 to 0 . VS 4 , as a cheap and environmentally benign mineral (Patronite), is a potential electrode material for application in SIBs, owing to its unique structural characteristics of large interchain distance (5.83 Å) caused by parallel 1 D chains, weak interaction between neighboring chains caused by weak van der Waals forces, and high content of S − caused by S 2 2− monomer .…”

“…(S2)]. In anodic scan, two overlapped prominent peaks appear at 1.58 and 2.17 V in Figure d, and 1.61 and 2.19 V in Figure S9 a under different cycle and scan rate, indicating the strong kinetics of the desodiation conversion from Na 2 S to VS 4 . A detailed electrochemical kinetic analysis in Figure S9 reveals that the Na + storage in the voltage window of 0.05–3.0 V also depends on the pseudocapacitive behavior with a high capacitive contribution up to 60 % for the total capacity at 0.5 mV s −1 .…”

“…The irreversible capacity loss may be a result of the irreversible insertion of Na + and the formation of a solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI). Apparently, the first charge–discharge profiles of SB‐VS 4 electrode exhibit very obvious plateaus at 1.20–2.23/1.30–1.53 V, whereas that of PP‐VS 4 and PB‐VS 4 electrode exhibit no obvious plateaus as a whole, revealing that more Na + can be reversibly inserted/extracted from SB‐VS 4 electrode by insertion reaction . After 120 cycles, the charge–discharge plateaus at 1.26–1.98/0.70–1.60 V in Figure d are still very obvious, suggesting the very stable structure of SB‐VS 4 electrode during cycling.…”

“…VS 4 , as a cheap and environmentally benign mineral (Patronite), is a potential electrode material for application in SIBs, owing to its unique structural characteristics of large interchain distance (5.83 Å) caused by parallel 1 D chains, weak interaction between neighboring chains caused by weak van der Waals forces, and high content of S − caused by S 2 2− monomer . These characteristics can not only afford enough potential sites for Na + storage with the theoretical specific capacity of 1196 mAh g −1 for VS 4 +8 Na + +8 e − ⇄4 Na 2 S+V, but also contribute to Na + transfer in the chains.…”