Graphene-Oxide-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Sensitive Detection of Pharmaceutical Drug Naproxen

Abstract

Here we report on a selective and sensitive graphene-oxide-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of naproxen. The effects of doping and oxygen content of various graphene oxide (GO)-based nanomaterials on their respective electrochemical behaviors were investigated and rationalized. The synthesized GO and GO-based nanomaterials were characterized using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, while the associated amounts of the dopant heteroatoms and oxygen were quantified using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviors of the GO, fluorine-doped graphene oxide (F-GO), boron-doped partially reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO), nitrogen-doped partially reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO), and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TrGO) were studied and compared via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). It was found that GO exhibited the highest signal for the electrochemical detection of naproxen when compared with the other GO-based nanomaterials explored in the present study. This was primarily due to the presence of the additional oxygen content in the GO, which facilitated the catalytic oxidation of naproxen. The GO-based electrochemical sensor exhibited a wide linear range (10 µM–1 mM), a high sensitivity (0.60 µAµM−1cm−2), high selectivity and a strong anti-interference capacity over potential interfering species that may exist in a biological system for the detection of naproxen. In addition, the proposed GO-based electrochemical sensor was tested using actual pharmaceutical naproxen tablets without pretreatments, further demonstrating excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, this study provided insights into the participatory catalytic roles of the oxygen functional groups of the GO-based nanomaterials toward the electrochemical oxidation and sensing of naproxen.

The Application of Nanomaterials for the Electrochemical Detection of Antibiotics: A Review

“…Nowadays, analytical techniques used for drug analysis, food analysis, environment, and health include nanomaterials as the main constituent as nanomaterials can improve the interaction with analyte due to their exceptional electronic, chemical, physical properties as well as their high surface area [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Several factors affect the efficiency of nanomaterials-based sensors such as dimensions, morphology, crystallographic axis orientation, crystal structure quality, and chemical composition that determine the rate of electron transfer and degree of interaction [ 21 ]. Thus, clinical and analytical instruments used nanomaterials for sensing purposes due to their exceptional potential.…”

Molecular Mechanisms on the Selectivity Enhancement of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid by Serine Oligomers Decoration on Graphene Oxide: A Molecular Dynamics Study

“…Electrochemical techniques have then become popular for detecting very small amounts of molecules that could be either oxidizing or reducing agents. The relatively low costs and simple measurement procedures, requiring a three-electrode system and a potentiostat to scan for the redox potentials that return the signal of molecules, led to the possibility of developing the portable sensing platforms [17][18][19]. Many studies showed that using a cyclic voltammetry (CV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) can detect AA, DA, and UA up to the micromolar limit of detection [20][21][22].…”

“…Electrochemical techniques have then become popular for detecting very small amounts of molecules that could be either oxidizing or reducing agents. The relatively low costs and simple measurement procedures, requiring a three-electrode system and a potentiostat to scan for the redox potentials that return the signal of molecules, led to the possibility of developing the portable sensing platforms [ 17 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Molecular Mechanisms on the Selectivity Enhancement of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, and Uric Acid by Serine Oligomers Decoration on Graphene Oxide: A Molecular Dynamics Study

“…However, the disadvantages of these methods for clinical use are the high cost and complicated procedures [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. To overcome these issues, electrochemical techniques are used for detecting very small amounts of molecules and have become popular due to their low costs and relatively simple procedures [25][26][27][28][29]. Many studies showed that using a cyclic voltammetry (CV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) can detect AA, DA, and UA up to the micromolar limit of detection [30][31][32][33].…”