Graphene Oxide Attenuates the Cytotoxicity and Mutagenicity of PCB 52 via Activation of Genuine Autophagy

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO), owing to its large surface area and abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups, is emerging as a potential adsorbent for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which accumulate over time and are harmful to both natural ecosystems and human health. However, the effect of GO against PCB-induced toxicity remains largely unexplored. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of GO against PCB 52 induced cytotoxic and genotoxic response in mammalian cells at various exposure conditions and clarify the protective role of autophagy. Pretreatment with GO dramatically decreased PCB 52 induced cytotoxicity and CD59 gene mutation in human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells. The toxic response in cells either pretreated with PCB 52 and then treated with GO or concurrently treated with GO and PCB 52 did not differ significantly from the toxic response in the cells treated with PCB 52 alone. Using autophagy inhibitors (3-methyladenine and wortmannin) and inducers (trehalose and rapamycin), we found that genuine autophagy induced by GO was involved in decreasing PCB 52 induced toxicity. These findings suggested that GO has an antagonistic effect against the toxicity of PCB 52 mainly by triggering a genuine autophagic process, which might provide new insights into the potential application of GO in PCB disposal and environmental and health risk assessment.

Graphene Oxide Exacerbates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis via ROS/AMPK/p53 Signaling to Mediate Apoptosis

“…However, the hydrodynamic particle size of GO in PBS and culture medium gradually increased over time than those in water. This indicated that GO was prone to aggregation owing to the highly salted environment and the presence of protein components, which are consistent with the results of previous studies [33,34].…”

Molybdenum disulfide/graphene oxide nanocomposites show favorable lung targeting and enhanced drug loading/tumor-killing efficacy with improved biocompatibility

“…9 Analogously, previous studies also demonstrated that GO actively interacts with cell plasma through the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. 69,70 As a result, the association of the flat side with plasma membrane would trigger macrophage activation into the M1 subtype with pro-inflammatory effects. 9,71,72 Different from GO, MoS 2 materials harbored much weaker interaction with plasma membrane, possibly due to the absence of active oxygen-containing functional groups on their surface.…”

Chemical forms and risk assessment of heavy metals in sludge-biochar produced by microwave-induced low temperature pyrolysis

“…8 The specic properties of biochar include: a porous structure, large surface area, a variety of mineral components and enriched functional groups, all of which enable it to remove various inorganic or organic contaminants from solutions by absorption, such as heavy metals, mineral salts, phenolic compounds, organic pesticides and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). 9,10 Compared with traditional heating, microwave heating possesses the superiority of a rapid heating rate and energy conservation. 11 In addition, biochar produced by microwave irradiation has a larger surface area and more plentiful pore structures than that obtained from traditional heating.…”