Graphene-Like Nanoflakes for Shock Absorption Applications

Abstract

The effects of high-pressure shock waves generated by the detonation of explosives are of major interest to the strategic sector. We report interaction of transonic shock waves (1.1 Mach speed; peak pressure >1.5 GPa) with graphene-like nanoflakes (GNFs). GNF samples, obtained after chemical vapor deposition of a biomass, were studied using optical/electron, force microscopy, Raman, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller/Barrett–Joyner–Halenda studies. Following this, GNF samples were subjected to high-strain-rate measurements, using a split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to measure variations in the stress, strain, and strain rate. Numerous dynamic mechanical parameters are derived under a classical Lagrange–Rankian–Hugoniot framework together with collecting statistics on the lateral flake size, number of layers, defect density, wrinkle, slip characteristics, etc. Broadly, the incident shock energy was dampened by ∼65% of absorption loss with ∼15% transmittance. It has implications on the GNF microstructure by reducing the flake squareness, area (by ∼50%), and exfoliating layer conjugation by around 5 times. The in-plane impact was more profound compared to the out-of-plane. Dislocation/slip dynamics showed significant modification in prismatic loops (from buckled to ruck and tuck), with twinning exhibiting a lowering of the Peierls–Nabarro stress to make disorder glissile. At the molecular level, dynamic deformation dramatically modified the force constants with bond elongation at −C–C– by ∼80% and at −CC– by >150% compared to pristine. An interactive model is presented.

Dynamic response study of Ti3C2-MXene films to shockwave and impact forces

“…But this changes when the shockwave gets reected within the shock tube. The background for the present investigations are based on the literature works with shock tube test on graphene 28 and impact tests on lm structures. 29,30 The shock tube test is conducted using a table-top, manually operated piston driven shock tube comprising of driving and driven section described in literature.…”

Surface Interactions of Transonic Shock Waves with Graphene-Like Nanoribbons

“…GLNR were obtained by following the synthesis protocols reported in [9,18], whereas SHPB measurements were performed as per the procedures in the reference [9]. GLNR samples subjected to SHPB were termed HSR GLNR samples.…”

“…However, in the strategic sector, the damping of such an impact [6], explosive detonation, and dynamic deformation could be understood to a certain extend by a thorough understanding of the HSR deformation mechanism and dynamic response of the damping material. An explosion is an uncontrollable phenomenon; however, the same could be realized at the laboratory scale using shock wave tube [7], stand off/contact explosion [8], and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) [9] techniques. Among them, SHPB is an inexpensive, time-effective, safe measurement route to generate shock waves to realize an explosion scenario off the field [10].…”

Deformation of Bioinspired MXene-Based Polymer Composites with Brick and Mortar Structures: A Computational Analysis

“…The discovery of nanomaterials in the last few decades has led to numerous applications of these nanomaterials in the fields of battery technology [ 1 ], sensors [ 2 , 3 ], wireless communication [ 4 ], and shock absorption [ 5 ]. Various nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, molybdenum di-sulfide (MoS 2 ), and boron nitride (BN) were used as fillers with polymer matrices to form nanocomposites with new desired functionalities.…”