Graphene is extensively investigated and promoted as a viable replacement for
graphite, the state-of-the-art material for lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes,
although no clear evidence is available about improvements in terms of cycling
stability, delithiation voltage and volumetric capacity. Here we report the
microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel graphene-based material in ionic liquid
(i.e., carved multilayer graphene with nested Fe3O4
nanoparticles), together with its extensive characterization via several physical
and chemical techniques. When such a composite material is used as LIB anode, the
carved paths traced by the Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the
unconverted metallic iron formed in-situ upon the 1st
lithiation, result in enhanced rate capability and, especially at high specific
currents (i.e., 5 A g−1), remarkable cycling
stability (99% of specific capacity retention after 180 cycles), low average
delithiation voltage (0.244 V) and a substantially increased volumetric
capacity with respect to commercial graphite (58.8 Ah
L−1 vs. 9.6 Ah
L−1).