Graphene in rubber formulations: a comprehensive review and performance optimization insights

Leong, Y. L.; Lim, H. N.; Ibrahim, I.

doi:10.1039/d3me00082f

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…For the linear viscoelastic region, the energy loss factor W can be determined as: 𝑊 = 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ 𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛δ + 1 (15) where tanδ is the dissipation factor. The volume of the constrained region Cv can be determined from the dynamic viscoelastic region by using the following equation: It can be observed that the height of the tanδ peak for compound 2 is comparatively lower than for the other compounds.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Dma)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene is highly conductive compared to carbon black, which means that it can reach percolation at lower concentrations, thereby being beneficial for applications requiring static charge dissipation and temperature management [13,14]. Due to its having much stronger mechanical properties, graphene can impart improved mechanical properties to the rubber formulation, especially regarding tensile strength and tear strength [15,16]. The flexibility of rubber formulations with graphene is higher than in those with carbon black [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of 1 phr of nanofibers showed 47 and 160% improvement in tensile and tear strength, along with good rolling resistance (50% less) compared to formulation with carbon black alone. Shiva et al studied a series of formulations with varying loadings in a hybrid filler system of highly dispersible silica, alumina, and organoclay in SBR (85)/BR (15), keeping the carbon black content at 53 phr [31]. The thermal conductivity coefficient improved appreciably, which can help faster curing with sulfur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Rajan,

Gopanna,

Rafic

et al. 2024

ChemEngineering

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In this study, natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (PB) blend-based composites were prepared using graphene as a partial replacement for carbon black (CB) in different parts per hundred rubber (phr) percentages. In a previous study, the vulcanization characteristics, viscoelastic behavior, and static mechanical properties were reported, and the compound labeled as compound 2 (with 2.5 phr of graphene and 52.5 phr of carbon black) showed optimum properties. Herein, we report the dynamic mechanical properties and the transport properties of the formulations to establish further characterization of the compounds. Three different organic solvents comprising benzene, toluene, and xylene were employed to analyze the sorption characteristics. The obtained data were also modeled with different theoretical predictions. The dynamic mechanical properties showed that certain compounds can be considered to be green tire formulations, as there were appreciable changes in the tanδ values at different temperatures (−25 °C to 60 °C). The thermogravimetric analysis showed that compound 2, with 2.5 phr of graphene, has a higher t50 value among the studied formulations, which indicates higher thermal stability than the base compound. The partial replacement of 2.5 phr of graphene in place of carbon black (total 55 phr) led to appreciable improvements in terms of thermal stability, transport properties, and dynamic mechanical properties.

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Section: Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (Dma)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Rajan,

Gopanna,

Rafic

et al. 2024

ChemEngineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The response surface method is cost-effective and reliable for optimizing certain processes. This method decreases the number of required tests [24]. The Box Behnken test assessed the parameters affecting the response rate.…”

Section: Design Expertmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the above articles, the tests were limited due to the long analysis time, large number of test steps, and high cost, and only 2 to 4 effective factors were studied. Still, in this article, all effective parameters in the synthesis of graphene are discussed and studied without limitations [23,24]. 3.…”

Section: Design Expertmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating The Effect of Various Parameters on The Yield of Graphene Obtained Through Graphite Exfoliation Using CO2 Supercritical Fluid

Saeedi,

Sargolzaei

2023

ETJ

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Conventional methodsof graphene production are time-consuming and expensive.• The parameters affecting the extraction of graphene from graphite were investigated using Supercritical CO2. • Additives used in the synthesis process have the role of deactivating the surface. • The test design was done with "Design Expert" software and then tested in the laboratory.• The software results were in high agreement with the laboratory results, and mono/bilayer graphene was obtained.Due to its high penetration force and low viscosity, the Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) can spread between the graphite layers, overcome van der Waals forces, and transform graphite into multilayer graphene. The results of the test plan with the Design Expert software and also the use of these results in the laboratory showed that the parameters of temperature, pressure, initial amount of graphite, addition of surfactant and solvent auxiliary, the duration of sample placement in the device, the duration of carbon dioxide gas release from the device, and the time and power of ultrasonic and centrifuge operations can accelerate the exfoliation process. The resulting graphene was characterized by TEM, RAMAN, XRD, and AFM techniques. Based on the obtained results, it was found that mono/bilayer graphene was obtained by applying optimum conditions. The results confirmed the formation of mono/bilayer graphene based on the G-Band of 1583 cm -1 in the Raman test, a wavelength of 26.44° in the XRD test, and a thickness of 1.5 nm in the AFM test. With a simple, low-cost approach, this method, without using toxic and expensive chemicals with high profitability, can replace other complex graphene production methods, such as chemical vapor leakage and plasma etching, and be chemically reduced..

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Graphene in rubber formulations: a comprehensive review and performance optimization insights

Abstract: Graphene is widely incorporated into rubber matrices to enhance mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties in nanocomposites. However, its hydrophobicity and lack of functionalities cause agglomeration, impacting nanocomposite properties. Intense agitation...

Cited by 2 publications

References 226 publications

Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Partial Replacement of Carbon Black with Graphene in Tire Compounds: Transport Properties, Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Investigating The Effect of Various Parameters on The Yield of Graphene Obtained Through Graphite Exfoliation Using CO2 Supercritical Fluid

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