Graphene, Graphene-Derivatives and Composites: Fundamentals, Synthesis Approaches to Applications

Abstract

Graphene has accomplished huge notoriety and interest from the universe of science considering its exceptional mechanical physical and thermal properties. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon having one atom thick size and planar sheets thickly stuffed in a lattice structure resembling a honeycomb structure. Numerous methods to prepare graphene have been created throughout a limited span of time. Due to its fascinating properties, it has found some extensive applications to a wide variety of fields. So, we believe there is a necessity to produce a document of the outstanding methods and some of the novel applications of graphene. This article centres around the strategies to orchestrate graphene and its applications in an attempt to sum up the advancements that has taken place in the research of graphene.

In Vitro Studies of Graphene for Management of Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Concise Review

“…Namely, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene, graphone, flurographene, graphyne, graphdiyne, doped graphene, and graphene quantum dots were well reported [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Among them, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots were mostly studied in the biomedical research field [ 39 ]. In our literature search, we noted that these derivatives were also well investigated in caries and periodontal research.…”

Graphene family in cancer therapy: recent progress in cancer gene/drug delivery applications

“…Chemical processes that result in interactions between graphene and other functional groups through covalent and noncovalent bonds improve the performance of graphene derivatives in biomedical applications. 12,55,56 Various functional groups have been utilized to design efficient graphene based drug/gene delivery systems. Functional biomolecules such as peptides, polymers, magnetic particles, etc., are qualified to not only increase the nanosystem's efficiency by increasing its biocompatibility and half-life and reducing systemic toxicity, but also increase its targeting specificity, all of which can benefit cancer therapy through designing more efficient carriers.…”

“…They are basically made from graphene sheets that go through chemical reactions. 12 Today, graphene derivatives are tackling the most serious shortcomings of present diagnostic 13 and therapeutic techniques 14 such as tissue engineering, 15,16 bioimaging, 17,18 gene/drug delivery, 19 biosensing, 17,[20][21][22] wound dressing, 23 and anti-bacterial substances, 24 and thus promoting them. Graphene derivatives have wonderful physio-chemical and electrical properties such as ease of functionalization, the ability to couple with various molecules such as drugs and nucleic acid sequences, high surface area, biocompatibility, low toxicity, electrospun mediated synthesis of various materials, and direct-targeted delivery.…”

“…Notably, the physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials are highly affected by raw materials and manufacturing processes. 12 Recently, graphene's application in biomedicine, especially in DNA sequencing, biosensor construction, and cell proliferation, has been demonstrated. Additionally, its water insolubility properties have slighted its application in biomedicine.…”

Macrocycle-Functionalized RGO for Gas Sensors for BTX Detection Using a Double Transduction Mode

“…In the last decade, an unprecedented amount of research on graphene derivatives has been carried out owing to its unique nature and properties [1,2]. Graphene, which presents a hexagonal lattice that resembles a honeycomb structure, is an allotrope of carbon that presents a two-dimensional (2D) structure.…”