Graphene for Detection of Adenosine Triphosphate, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Other Molecules, Gas, and Ions

Abstract

Graphene-based electrochemical aptasensing platforms have been rapidly developed to detect different targets by combining various electrochemical techniques with aptamer-based signal conversion strategies. Electrochemical aptasensor for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection was recently realized by using functionalized graphene nanosheets. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is involved as a cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions of NAD + /NADHdependent dehydrogenases. The mechanism of NADH oxidation was thoroughly studied on graphene platform. Graphene sheets also serve as good substrates for detection of various other molecules, including acetylcholine/choline, cholesterol, benzenediol isomers (hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol), and epinephrine. The unique structure and oxygenic functionalities of GO facilitate it to be easily turned into a potentially useful gas storage material and biological ionic and molecular channels. Functionalized nanopores in graphene monolayers were designed and used as ionic sieves with high selectivity and transparency. Some cations, such as Li Keywords Graphene Á Adenosine triphosphate Á Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Á Gas sensor Á Ion-selective sensor ATPAdenosine triphosphate (ATP), as the major carrier of chemical energy in living species, is an important substrate in living organisms, which plays a critical role in the regulation and integration of cellular metabolism. In addition, it has also been used as an indicator for cell viability and cell injury [1]. Therefore, the detection of ATP is highly important in biochemical study and clinic diagnosis. Electrochemical aptasensor represents an attractive choice, which is simple, rapid, and allows device miniaturization. Until now, graphene-based electrochemical aptasensing platforms