Graphene: fabrication methods and thermophysical properties

Eletskii, Aleksandr V.; Iskandarova, I. M.; Knizhnik, Andrey A.; Krasikov, Dmitry

doi:10.3367/ufne.0181.201103a.0233

Cited by 145 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…The above theorems followed from the assumption of an absolutely plane structure for a two-dimensional crystal and the use of a harmonic approximation. However, if a film contains defects or it is deformed in a space with more dimensions (e.g., three dimensions), then this sort of nonideal film can exist without contacting the substrate [15]. In scanning electron microscope experiments, it has been found that free films of graphene do exist and form a complicated wavy surface with spatial inhomogeneities with sizes of 5-10 nm and heights of 1 nm [16,17].…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Graphene has an anomalously high thermal conductivity. Measurements and rigorous numerical calculations show that the thermal conductivity of graphene is in the range of 3500-5500 W/m/K, which is a record for all known materials [15].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods for industrial production of graphene films are currently under development, including epitaxial growth of polygraphene on metals and carbides [15,20]. Epitaxy is the oriented growth of a one crystal on the surface of another (the substrate).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of the Avogadro Constant Using Crystals of Graphene and Graphite

Khruschov

2014

Meas Tech

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A method for determining the Avogadro constant using samples of polygraphene made up of multiple layers of graphene is studied. The properties, and methods of producing, monitoring the crystal lattice quality, and determining the geometric parameters of the new materials, graphene and polygraphene, are examined. The method proposed by Fraundorf for creating fractional units of mass and amounts of the material with the aid of a polygraphene hexahedron is modified. The precision of the polygraphene prism technique is found to be low, and a method for determining the Avogadro constant using a sample of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite with a high degree of chemical and isotopic purity offers more promise.Work is currently under way to renew the definitions of four of the SI base units (the kilogram, mole, ampere, and kelvin), which must be accepted at the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 2018, and to develop methods for realizing these definitions. The new definitions will be based on fixed values of the fundamental constants of physics (FCP) [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This approach leads, first of all, to a refutation of the existing kilogram artifact (the international prototype kilogram) and will aid in increasing the accuracy, stability, and reproducibility of measurements using the units of the revised SI in any place at any time. The reference methods for realizing the chosen definitions will play a fundamental role in using the new definitions. This realization of the SI units will be independent of factors related to the effect of natural conditions and human activity, since it will be based on exact values of the FCP, i.e., on natural invariants.There are two major methods for realizing the new definition of the kilogram: silicon spheres and watt balances. The values of the Avogadro and Planck constants determined by these methods diverge by more than 3σ. In addition, the relative standard uncertainty of 2·10 -8 recommended by the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM) has not been attained when these methods are used.This article examines the properties of a promising new material, graphene, which can be used for measuring the Avogadro constant and for creating a new fractional unit of mass on this basis. The methods of producing graphene, monitoring the crystal lattice quality, and determining its geometric parameters are discussed. The method proposed by Fraundorf for creating fractional units of mass and amounts of a material using a polygraphene hexahedron is modified, and its accuracy is estimated [7]. The precision of the graphene prism method is found to be low, at a level of 10 2 -10 3 . A determination of the Avogadro constant using a sample of highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) with a high degree of chemical and isotopic purity is more promising. The method based on HOPG can be used to create fractional units of mass and of the amount of a substance within the framework of the revised SI.Properties of Graphene -a Two-Dimensional Allotropic Form of Carbon. Car...

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Determination of the Avogadro Constant Using Crystals of Graphene and Graphite

Khruschov

2014

Meas Tech

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“…Graphene, a 2-D π-conjugation, has several extraordinary physical properties such as high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity, high surface area (2630 m 2 /g), high elastic modulus and ampi-polar electric field effect [23][24][25]. Graphene forms a colloidal mixture and has also been used in making nanocomposites with conducting polymer for supercapacitor applications [26][27][28].…”

Section: Open Access Ojcmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Physical Properties of Graphene-Cement Composite for Structural Applications

Sedaghat¹,

Ram²,

Zayed³

et al. 2014

OJCM

117

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The hydration of cement generates heat due to the exothermic nature of the hydration process. Poor heat dissipation in mass concrete results in a temperature gradient between the inner core and the outer surface of the element. High temperature gradients generate tensile stresses that may exceed the tensile strength of concrete thus leading to thermal cracking. The present paper is an attempt to understand the thermal (heat sink property) and microstructural changes in the hydrated graphene-Portland cement composites. Thermal diffusivity and electrical conductivity of the hydrated graphene-cement composite were measured at various graphene to cement ratios. The mass-volume method was implemented to measure the density of the hydrated graphene-cement composite. Particle size distribution of Portland cement was measured by using a laser scattering particle size analyzer. Heat of hydration of Portland cement was assessed by using a TAMAIR isothermal conduction calorimeter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was implemented to study microstructural changes of the hydrated graphene-cement composites. The mineralogy of graphene-cement and the hydrated graphene-cement composites was investigated by using X-ray diffraction. The findings indicate that incorporation of graphene enhances the thermal properties of the hydrated cement indicating a potential for reduction in early age thermal cracking and durability improvement of the concrete structures.

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“…The same operation is performed in receiver. Graphene is the first example of two dimensional structures with one atom thickness that have received much attention in recent years [1,10]. Its unique electrical and photonic properties have several usages in the optical and THz circuits and systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization of THz Band Mixer Using Graphene

Mizuji¹,

Abdolali²,

Aghamohamadi³

et al. 2014

AEM

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In this article a new method for creating mixer component in infrared and THz is suggested. Since the nonlinear property of admittance creates frequency components that do not exist in the input signal and the electrical conductivity is associated with admittance, in our work we have proven and simulated that the nonlinear property of graphene admittance can produce mixer component. The simulation results show that the mixer component is larger than other components, therefore the mixer works properly. Because of nano scale of graphene structure, this method paves the road to achieve super compact circuits.

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Graphene: fabrication methods and thermophysical properties

Cited by 145 publications

References 180 publications

Determination of the Avogadro Constant Using Crystals of Graphene and Graphite

Determination of the Avogadro Constant Using Crystals of Graphene and Graphite

Investigation of Physical Properties of Graphene-Cement Composite for Structural Applications

Realization of THz Band Mixer Using Graphene

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