Graphene-encapsulated blackberry-like porous silicon nanospheres prepared by modest magnesiothermic reduction for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

Xiang, Ben; An, Weili; Fu, Jijiang; Mei, Shixiong; Guo, Siguang; Zhang, Xuming; Gao, Biao; Chu, Paul K.

doi:10.1007/s12598-020-01528-9

Cited by 73 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Noteworthily, recent reports have declared that silica can react with lithium to produce irreversible phases (Li 2 O and Li 4 SiO 4 ) and reversible phase (Si), exhibiting a high theoretical capacity of 1965 mAh g −1 . [30][31][32][33][34] The irreversible phases can serve as buffering matrices to alleviate volume expansion and shrinkage of Si during cycling. Moreover, silica has exceedingly bountiful supply together with cost-effective preparation and environmental friendliness.…”

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confidence: 99%

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liu

et al. 2021

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Especially, LIBs have been employed as the storage units to build power stations, by means of storing electrochemical energy converted from the intermittently green and sustainable energy (e.g., solar and wind energy). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Up to now, LIBs are dominating the energy systems because of their high energy densities, light weight, and good durability. However, the commercial anode material, graphite, exhibits a theoretical specific capacity of 372 mAh g −1 , hindering the large-scale applications of next-generation LIBs that combine high energy and high power. [16][17][18][19][20] Consequently, there is an urgent need for exploring and developing new anode materials with environmental benignity, high capacity, and low cost for the performance-enhanced LIBs.Silicon has attracted considerable attention as one of the potential anode candidates owing to the high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g −1 ) and desired discharge voltage (<0.5 V vs Li/Li + ). [21][22][23][24] Unfortunately, the serious volume expansion of silicon (>300%) in the process of lithiation accompanied by structural fracture and pulverization limits its practical application. [25][26][27][28][29] Although massive efforts have been put in solving this issue, silicon anodes have not yet been broadly commercialized because of the costly and complex preparation. Well ahead of time, silica was considered to be electrochemically inactive toward lithium because of the low ion diffusivity and the electronic insulation. Noteworthily, recent reports have declared that silica can react with lithium to produce irreversible phases (Li 2 O and Li 4 SiO 4 ) and reversible phase (Si), exhibiting a high theoretical capacity of 1965 mAh g −1 . [30][31][32][33][34] The irreversible phases can serve as buffering matrices to alleviate volume expansion and shrinkage of Si during cycling. Moreover, silica has exceedingly bountiful supply together with cost-effective preparation and environmental friendliness. It has been supposed to be an attractive anode material for commercialization in LIBs. However, silica anodes still suffer from non-negligible volume change, initiating the surface cracks and even pulverization and ultimately resulting in the loss of electrical contact and rapid capacity fading.Nanostructure engineering and carbon incorporation are two mainstream strategies for improving the lithium storage performance of silica. Nanostructured silica can effectively reduce Silicon oxide is regarded as a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries owing to high theoretical capacity, abundant reserve, and environmental friendliness. Large volumetric variations during the discharging/charging and intrinsically poor electrical conductivity, however, severely hinder its application. Herein, a core-shell structured composite is constructed by hollow carbon spheres and SiO 2 nanosheets decorated with nickel nanoparticles (Ni-SiO 2 /C HS). Hollow carbon spheres, as mesoporous cores, not only significantly facilitate the electron transfer but also ...

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Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Liu

et al. 2021

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“…Although the sample prepared with NaCl possessed a smaller crystal size than the one prepared without NaCl, and their crystal size must have affected the cycle stability, their differences in particle size and morphology contributed more strongly. The electrochemical performance of both materials can be further improved with device fabrication strategies, such as carbon coating and preparation of composites with materials of high electrical conductivity [46] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrochemical performance of both materials can be further improved with device fabrication strategies, such as carbon coating and preparation of composites with materials of high electrical conductivity. [46] Extensive work has been reported in the literature on molten salt-mediated MRR of silica to produce porous 3-D networks of nanostructured Si, for which processing parameters have been explored -closed vs. open reactor vessels, furnace temperature, heating rate, and reactant stoichiometry. [12][13]17] In our approach, we focused on blending the powders in an open crucible -NaCl (ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Si Nanoparticle Formation by Molten Salt Magnesiothermic Reduction of Silica for Lithium‐ion Battery Anodes

2021

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Molten salt methods enable the synthesis of Si nanostructures by moderating the thermal energy evolved in highly exothermic magnesiothermic reduction reactions (MRR) of silica. Due to their cost‐effectiveness and scalability, these techniques are well suited for producing nanoscale Si for a number of applications, including energy storage. To control the microstructure morphology and particle size, it is necessary to understand the formation mechanism of the Si produced. By evaluating the time‐resolved phase evolution, when NaCl moderates the thermal energy generated by MRR of SiO2, we elucidate 3 parallel interfacial reaction mechanisms yielding Si nanoparticles – via Mg vapor, Mg‐rich eutectic liquid, and Mg ions dissolved in molten NaCl. These individual Si nanoparticles offer a striking contrast to the typical by‐product of MRR of SiO2 with and without NaCl, which yields a 3‐dimensional (3‐D) porous network of sintered Si nanoparticles. Lithium‐ion battery half‐cells with electrodes composed of individual Si nanoparticles showed a greater first‐cycle irreversible discharge capacity and faster capacity loss over the first 5 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g−1 compared to half‐cells with electrodes of a porous 3‐D Si network–indicative due to thicker solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on individual particles. At a higher current rate of 400 mA g−1, once SEI formation and activation of Si are established, both cells exhibit a similar capacity retention rate over 100 cycles.

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“…These results are encouraging; however, it is worthy to note that there are still some drawbacks among both the methods. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] For the Na-solvent co-intercalation approach, (the inserted solvents caused a high-level of volume change) not only the high-level volume caused by the solvent cointercalation but also the relatively low capacity (below 150 mA h g À1 ) inherently limit its practical applications. As for the second method, the existing oxygen functional groups on the surface of expanded graphite layers can obstruct the transportation of Na + ions and demonstrate a poor rate performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting Li/Na storage performance of graphite by defect engineering

Sun

Liu

et al. 2021

RSC Adv.

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Graphene-encapsulated blackberry-like porous silicon nanospheres prepared by modest magnesiothermic reduction for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

Cited by 73 publications

References 57 publications

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Mechanisms of Si Nanoparticle Formation by Molten Salt Magnesiothermic Reduction of Silica for Lithium‐ion Battery Anodes

Boosting Li/Na storage performance of graphite by defect engineering

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Graphene-encapsulated blackberry-like porous silicon nanospheres prepared by modest magnesiothermic reduction for high-performance lithium-ion battery anode

Cited by 73 publications

References 57 publications

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO2 Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO2 Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Mechanisms of Si Nanoparticle Formation by Molten Salt Magnesiothermic Reduction of Silica for Lithium‐ion Battery Anodes

Boosting Li/Na storage performance of graphite by defect engineering

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Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Core–Shell Structured C@SiO₂ Hollow Spheres Decorated with Nickel Nanoparticles as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries