Graphene-based optical modulators

Luo, Siyuan; Wang, Yanan; Tong, Xin; Wang, Zhiming

doi:10.1186/s11671-015-0866-7

Cited by 98 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…Consisting of only one or a few atomic layers, 2D materials exhibit exotic electronic and optical properties that are distinctively different from their bulk parental materials, opening new opportunities for nanoscale electronics and photonics . Among various possibilities, optical modulation that controls the intensity, phase, or polarization of a light beam passing through these ultrathin materials has been attracting increasing attentions in recent years …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2017

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Owing to their atomic layer thickness, strong light-material interaction, high nonlinearity, broadband optical response, fast relaxation, controllable optoelectronic properties, and high compatibility with other photonic structures, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus, have been attracting increasing attention for photonic applications. By tuning the carrier density via electrical or optical means that modifies their physical properties (e.g., Fermi level or nonlinear absorption), optical response of the 2D materials can be instantly changed, making them versatile nanostructures for optical modulation. Here, up-to-date 2D material-based optical modulation in three categories is reviewed: free-space, fiber-based, and on-chip configurations. By analysing cons and pros of different modulation approaches from material and mechanism aspects, the challenges faced by using these materials for device applications are presented. In addition, thermal effects (e.g., laser induced damage) in 2D materials, which are critical to practical applications, are also discussed. Finally, the outlook for future opportunities of these 2D materials for optical modulation is given.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2017

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“…Later on, several devices operating at visible spectral range have been demonstrated [24][25][26]. Other preferable photoconductor substrates are semiconductors as a-Si:H, crystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphate and cadmium tellurite [27,28]. Usually, transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive layers are preliminary deposited on the outer side of the photoconductive plate and the inner side of glass substrate and coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for planar alignment of the LC molecules.…”

Section: Organic-inorganic Structure Design and Principle Of Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Wave Mixing in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Structures for Dynamic Holography

Marinova¹,

Lin²,

Hsu³

2017

Holographic Materials and Optical Systems

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The chapter reviews recent progress of two-wave mixing in a novel organic-inorganic hybrid structures that combine essential properties as large anisotropy and strong birefringence, typical for organics with the excellent photosensitivity and photoconductivity of inorganics into single, compact devices. Depending on the designed assembly and operation principle, the proposed structures can record dynamic holographic gratings at Raman-Nath or Bragg regimes of diffraction, respectively. When the two beams interact in a structure based on a photoconductive material and birefringent layer (usually liquid crystal), the beam coupling with high amplification values occur in a liquid crystal layer, however, the fringe period of recorded holograms is limited to few μm scale. In contrast, when the two beams interact in a structure based on a photorefractive material and birefringent layer, the beam-coupling occurs in both composites, due to the surface activated photorefractive effect. The prime significance of the later structure is the ability to act as a holographic grating at Bragg regime allowing sub-micron spatial resolution. Moreover they are easy and simple to fabricate where the processes are all optically controlled. The above examples open scenarios to design new devices that meet the latest requirements of 3D display technologies and optical information processing.

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“…Blake et al [9] rst demonstrated a liquid crystal device with graphene electrode, where a small graphene sheet was used as a contact at one side of the LC cell, supported with ITO layer from another side. Afterward, several attempts have been reported for complete replacement of ITO with graphene in LC displays [10]. For example, LC cell using graphene conductive layers have been reported as competitive to LC cell using ITO contacts, however su ering with the graphene mechanical instability during the LC rubbing alignment procedure [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Scale Liquid Crystal Device with Graphene-based Electrodes

Petrov¹,

Marinova²,

Lin³

et al. 2017

Optical Data Processing and Storage

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Abstract:The new generation Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCDs) will play a key role in modern display industry thus the requirements concerning the response time, power consumption, viewing angles, contrast ratio and easy production stay beyond challenging. In this paper we demonstrate fabrication of large scale liquid crystal device with graphene-based electrodes using a photo-alignment technique. The quality of graphene layer, grown by low pressure CVD method and transferred on the glass substrates was characterized by several techniques: Raman spectroscopy, optical transmittance and electrical measurements. A photo-alignment method instead of commonly used mechanical rubbing technique was used to protect the graphene surface and prevent its partial deattachment from the glass substrates by coating a polyimide layer on the top of graphene. Measured modulation characteristics reveal that the photo-alignment technique possesses great potential for next generation graphenebased LC device fabrication.

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Graphene-based optical modulators

Cited by 98 publications

References 84 publications

2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities

2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities

Two-Wave Mixing in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Structures for Dynamic Holography

Large Scale Liquid Crystal Device with Graphene-based Electrodes

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