Graphene-Based Materials for Biosensors: A Review

Suvarnaphaet, Phitsini; Pechprasarn, Suejit

doi:10.3390/s17102161

Cited by 386 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…The graphene oxide can be reduced by thermal, chemical or electrochemical methods [40]. Electrochemical is the most used method because of simpler and more environmentally friendly [91]. Compared with GO, RGO is hydrophobic but its conductivity and stability are improved.…”

Section: Rgo-based Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review

Wang

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Nitrite and nitrate are widely found in various water environments but the potential toxicity of nitrite and nitrate poses a great threat to human health. Recently, many methods have been developed to detect nitrate and nitrite in water. One of them is to use graphene-based materials. Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nano-material with sp 2 hybrid orbital, which has a large surface area and excellent conductivity and electron transfer ability. It is widely used for modifying electrodes for electrochemical sensors. Graphene based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of being low cost, effective and efficient for nitrite and nitrate detection. This paper reviews the application of graphene-based nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of nitrate and nitrite in water. The properties and advantages of the electrodes were modified by graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in the development of nitrite sensors are discussed in detail. Based on the review, the paper summarizes the working conditions and performance of different sensors, including working potential, pH, detection range, detection limit, sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability and long-term stability. Furthermore, the challenges and suggestions for future research on the application of graphene-based nanocomposite electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection are also highlighted.Sensors 2020, 20, 54 2 of 35 deaths. Nitrite in drinking water can irreversibly convert hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which results in a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity in the blood [5]. It can react with secondary amines to produce n-nitrosamines, which are likely to lead to gastric cancer [6]. Since nitrate is converted into nitrite in the digestive tract, it also very harmful to the human body [7]. It can also lead to the unnatural reproduction of aquatic plants and algae, leading to "red tides" and the death of fish [8,9]. The United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency has limited the nitrite and nitrate content in drinking water to 1 mg/L and 10 mg/L [10] and other countries have made similar regulations. The concentration of nitrate and nitrite in water has become one of the indexes for evaluating water quality. Therefore, the detection of nitrate and nitrite in water samples at low concentrations has been the focus of research [11].So far, many methods have been used to detect nitrate and nitrite, such as spectrophotometry [12][13][14], chemiluminescence [15,16], chromatography [17], fluorescence [18,19] and electrochemical methods [20][21][22]. Among them, the electrochemical method is one of the most commonly used detection methods because of its advantages of being low cost, fast, direct and high efficiency [23]. However, the sensitivity and accuracy of the electrodes are reduced because of disturbance by other substances. Bare electrodes need higher applied potential, which limits the application of bare electrodes [24]. Therefore, electrochemical techniques based on modified electrodes have been extensively...

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Section: Rgo-based Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review

Wang

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a promising new carbon nanomaterial formed by graphene fragments of reduced size which exhibit new characteristics due to quantum confinement phenomena and edge effects. Typically, the GQDs have a diameter below 20 nm with high surface area and presence of a p-p network conjugated bonds mixed with surface oxygenated groups, inherited from 2D graphene [22,23]. Biological properties of GQDs such as low toxicity and good biocompatibility increase the applicability of this material in the fields of bioimaging and drug delivery [24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, an improvement on the interaction with several analytes, facilitates the electron transfer process and/or catalytic activities towards different redox processes were observed. These features can explore for construction of sensors with low detection limits and greater sensitivity [23,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Quantum Dots Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes as Electroanalytical Sensing Platform for Diethylstilbestrol

et al. 2019

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In present work a simple methodology for electroanalytical sensing of diethylstilbestrol (DES) using graphene quantum dots (GQD) surface modified screen‐printed electrodes (SPE) is reported. GQD was synthesized by simple bottom‐up method based on citric acid pyrolysis at 200 °C and electrodeposited directly at electrode surface under cyclic voltammetric conditions. The obtained GQD presented an average diameter of 7 nm and was characterized by techniques such as transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The proposed sensor exhibits a linear response from 0.05 to 7.5 μmol L−1, with limit of detection and quantification of 8.8 nmol L−1 and 29.0 nmol L−1, respectively. The repeatability study presented RSD=3.6 % for 6 consecutive measurements using the same electrode surface and the reproducibility study showed RSD=6.6 % for measurements with 6 different electrode surfaces. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for DES determination in synthetic urine and tap water spiked samples and good recoveries were obtained without any sample pre‐treatment, showing its promising analytical performance.

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“…Detection of important factors of human metabolism such as ascorbic acid and uric acid remains a challenge in diagnostic and pathological research. Several graphene-based sensors were developed for the simultaneous detection of these factors [97]. CVD graphene FET biosensors were developed for detecting electrical signals from electrogenic cells (cardiomyocytes) [98].…”

Section: Graphene Substrates As Biosensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Application of Graphene: Emphasis on Biomedical Concerns

2019

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HIGHLIGHTS• The introduction of graphene will certainly uncover new advanced materials, and many more future technologies will become realistic in the forthcoming years.• The present review article includes more recent publications about the biomedical application and cellular interaction of graphene. It is also updated with modern approaches such as use of graphene inks for 3D printing application.• Moreover, the importance of protein corona in modulating the cellular interaction, which was overlooked in previous review publications, is also included in this article.• The possible biological outcomes and toxicity when graphene is exposed to living organisms at the cellular and organ level are explained.ABSTRACT Graphene, sp 2 hybridized carbon framework of one atom thickness, is reputed as the strongest material to date. It has marked its impact in manifold applications including electronics, sensors, composites, and catalysis. Current state-of-the-art graphene research revolves around its biomedical applications. The two-dimensional (2D) planar structure of graphene provides a large surface area for loading drugs/biomolecules and the possibility of conjugating fluorescent dyes for bioimaging. The high near-infrared absorbance makes graphene ideal for photothermal therapy. Henceforth, graphene turns out to be a reliable multifunctional material for use in diagnosis and treatment.It exhibits antibacterial property by directly interacting with the cell membrane. Potential application of graphene as a scaffold for the attachment and proliferation of stem cells and neuronal cells is captivating in a tissue regeneration scenario. Fabrication of 2D graphene into a 3D structure is made possible with the help of 3D printing, a revolutionary technology having promising applications in tissue and organ engineering. However, apart from its advantageous application scope, use of graphene raises toxicity concerns. Several reports have confirmed the potential toxicity of graphene and its derivatives, and the inconsistency may be due to the lack of standardized consensus protocols. The present review focuses on the hidden facts of graphene and its biomedical application, with special emphasis on drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, antibacterial, tissue engineering, and 3D printing applications.

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Graphene-Based Materials for Biosensors: A Review

Cited by 386 publications

References 137 publications

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review

Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review

Graphene Quantum Dots Modified Screen‐printed Electrodes as Electroanalytical Sensing Platform for Diethylstilbestrol

Comprehensive Application of Graphene: Emphasis on Biomedical Concerns

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