Graphene-based hybrid materials and devices for biosensing

Bioelectrochemical profiling of two common polymorphic variants of human FMO3 in presence of graphene oxide

“…Moreover, water solubility is consistent with the higher biological compatibility of GO compared to graphene that needs to be properly supported in order to be able to interact with biological substrates [19,20]. These peculiar characteristics have been considered promising for the development of a variety of biosensing strategies in which graphene material has been applied as a transducer of biological signals in electrochemical, fluorescence and impedance biosensors [21][22][23][24].…”

Biosensors Based on Lipid Modified Graphene Microelectrodes

“…Being a very good low-noise material electronically, graphene can be employed in the achievement of molecular sensing [10].…”

“…Peak-to-peak values under cyclic voltammetry are low, suggesting rapid electron transfer kinetics, and its apparent electron transfer rate is orders of magnitude higher than that of GC. This rate of electron transfer has been shown to be surface dependent and can be increased significantly by the creation of specific surface functional groups [10]. The high density of edge-plane defect sites on graphene provides multiple electrochemically active sites.…”

“…Graphene-based electrodes also exhibit high enzyme loading due to their high surface area. This, in turn, can facilitate high sensitivity, excellent electron transfer promoting ability for some enzymes, and excellent catalytic behavior towards many biomolecules [10,11]. Graphene-based devices also possess the required biocompatibility to be amenable for in situ biosensing.…”

“…It also exhibits some other merits like low cost, two external surfaces, facile fabrication and modification and absence of metallic impurities, which may yield unexpected and uncontrolled electrocatalytic effects and toxicological hazards [7,10,11].…”