Graphene-Based Electrochemical Nano-Biosensors for Detection of SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

COVID-19, a viral respiratory illness, is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. Testing and isolation were essential to control the virus’s transmission due to the severity of the disease. In this context, there is a global interest in the feasibility of employing nano-biosensors, especially those using graphene as a key material, for the real-time detection of the virus. The exceptional properties of graphene and the outstanding performance of nano-biosensors in identifying various viruses prompted a feasibility check on this technology. This paper focuses on the recent advances in using graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for sensing the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Specifically, it reviews various types of electrochemical biosensors, including amperometric, potentiometric, and impedimetric biosensors, and discusses the current challenges associated with biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The conclusion of this review discusses future directions in the field of electrochemical biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection, underscoring the importance of continued research and development in this domain.

Graphene-based nanotechnology in the Internet of Things: a mini review

“…In the healthcare sector, biosensing is another emerging chemical sensing technique [ 100 ], especially in Internet of Things applications. The integration of IoT into emergency healthcare services has led to a surge in the use of communicable biosensing technologies since it has made it possible to connect houses to smart hospitals via Electronic Health Records (EHR), which in turn allows for real-time symptom monitoring.…”

Graphene-based biosensors for detecting coronavirus: a brief review

“…1a, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 is composed of nucleocapsid ( N ), membrane ( M ), envelope ( E ), ssRNA (+), and spikes ( S 1 & S 2), among which the protein spikes serve as a binding site and fuse to the host cell receptor. 28 Here, the SARS-CoV-2 name itself is known to originate from the typical spike ( S ) proteins that are ∼20 nm long and scarcely embedded in the lipid bilayer membrane. The epitope or antigenic determinant is a group of amino acids or other chemical groups 29,30 known as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and receptor-binding motif (RBM) of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Nanomaterials Used in the Preparation of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2

“…Graphene-containing electrochemical biosensors can be used advantageously for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The detection mechanism involves the immobilization of specific biomolecules on the surface of the graphene, capable of interacting with the virus, causing a change in the electrical properties of the graphene [47]. To be used in these biosensors, graphene must first be functionalized, creating functional groups on its surface, such as carboxylic acids, amines, and thiols, etc., capable of reacting and therefore immobilizing biomolecules, such as antibodies or nucleic acids, sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 2).…”