Graphene-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Breast Cancer Detection

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women, which is also the second most public cancer worldwide. When detected early, BC can be treated more easily and prevented from spreading beyond the breast. In recent years, various BC biosensor strategies have been studied, including optical, electrical, electrochemical, and mechanical biosensors. In particular, the high sensitivity and short detection time of electrochemical biosensors make them suitable for the recognition of BC biomarkers. Moreover, the sensitivity of the electrochemical biosensor can be increased by incorporating nanomaterials. In this respect, the outstanding mechanical and electrical performances of graphene have led to an increasingly intense study of graphene-based materials for BC electrochemical biosensors. Hence, the present review examines the latest advances in graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for BC biosensing. For each biosensor, the detection limit (LOD), linear range (LR), and diagnosis technique are analyzed. This is followed by a discussion of the prospects and current challenges, along with potential strategies for enhancing the performance of electrochemical biosensors.

Simulating of effective conductivity for graphene–polymer nanocomposites

“…( 7) for percolation start can guess the average values of interphase deepness and tunneling length. The (t i , λ) are calculated as (30,12), (7,10), (5,8) and (6,5) nm for PI, PS, PET and SAN nanocomposites, correspondingly. These levels demonstrate the formation of large interphase and big tunnels in the examples.…”

“…Graphene has a high stiffness and good electrical conductivity causing the stiff and conductive nanocomposites 1 – 10 . The early studies on polymer graphene nanocomposites have focused on the preparation of products with small percolation start to achieve a big conductivity by a slight filler amount 11 – 13 .…”

Multicomponent synthesis of pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine derivatives: electrochemical DNA sensing, nonlinear optical properties and biological activity

“…46 Additionally, the immobilization of ss-DNA on the GCE surface results in an enhancement of the specic surface area and electrical conductivity of the sensing platform, leading to a lower peak potential for the electrooxidation of guanine residues in ssDNA. 47 Due to electrostatic repulsion, the phosphate groups which are negatively charged on the ss-DNA may inhibit the Fe(CN) 6 3− /Fe (CN) 6 4− redox pair from accessing the electrode surface. The difference in CV proles between both electrodes can be exploited in this investigation to detect ss-DNA immobilisation on the electrode surface.…”

Clinically Deployable Bioelectronic Sensing Platform for Ultrasensitive Detection of Transferrin in Serum Sample

“…However, most of them still suffer from drawbacks such as material degradation, bioreceptor stability, and sluggish electron kinetics. Recently, GO and rGO have attracted increasing interest in their biosensing applications owing to their 2D sheet-like planer structure, good conductivity, and oxygen functionalities that facilitate the easy immobilization of biomolecules [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. GO is produced by oxidizing and exfoliating layers of graphite that have a significant number of oxygen-containing molecules, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, or epoxy groups on their carbon edges and basal plane.…”