Graphene-based active metasurface with more than 330° phase tunability operating at mid-infrared spectrum

Sun, Zhanshan; Huang, Fumin; Fu, Yunqi

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2020.11.046

Cited by 20 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The planner array theory can demonstrate the RCS reduction principle in Equations and . So that, θ and φ shows the angles of elevation, and azimuth for the arbitrary direction of scattering, respectively, and φ ( m , n ) shows the initial phase of the lattice (Cao et al., 2020; Ee & Agarwal, 2019; Li, Eisenbeis, et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021; Wan et al., 2016, 2021).

\text{AF}(\theta ,\varphi )=\sum\limits _{m=1}^{M}\sum\limits _{n=1}^{N}{e}^{[j(m-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\cos \,\varphi )+j(n-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\sin \,\varphi )+j\phi (m,n)]}

10\log \left(\vert {E}_{\text{total}-\text{reflected}}{\vert }^{2}/\vert {E}_{\text{PEC}}{\vert }^{2}\right)\le -10\text{dB}

…”

Section: Theory and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

Saleem,

Irfan,

Alanazi

et al. 2023

Radio Science

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In this paper, a 2‐bit water‐based programmable digital metasurface for beam steering and backscatter field reduction applications is presented, a reflective and transmissive type water based programmable metasurface (WPMS) for RCS reduction and the antenna's beam steering is suggested, respectively. It has been demonstrated that a 2‐bit water‐based programmable unit cell can reduce RCS by changing its state (0/1). If the unit cell channel is empty, the state is “0,” if the channel is filled, the state is “1.” So at different resonance frequencies, the four phase and reflection coefficient responses are achieved as "00"01"10"11". This functionality enables beam steering in both the elevation and azimuth axis and also backscattering reduction of the antenna. Furthermore, the impacts of the number of unit cells and reflection phase states on the far‐field pattern are examined. Beam steering of ±45° in the elevation is attained with 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 4.25–4.40 GHz, radiation gain of more than 7.1 dBi is maintained. With the present antenna, it is possible to achieve volumetric beamsteering performance directly. The patterns of far‐field radiation that are predicted theoretically coincide well with full waves simulations. As such, the proposed prototype can be a good option for applications that require a low RCS platform including beam steering in radars, 5G/6G, etc.

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\text{AF}(\theta ,\varphi )=\sum\limits _{m=1}^{M}\sum\limits _{n=1}^{N}{e}^{[j(m-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\cos \,\varphi )+j(n-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\sin \,\varphi )+j\phi (m,n)]}

10\log \left(\vert {E}_{\text{total}-\text{reflected}}{\vert }^{2}/\vert {E}_{\text{PEC}}{\vert }^{2}\right)\le -10\text{dB}

…”

Section: Theory and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

Saleem,

Irfan,

Alanazi

et al. 2023

Radio Science

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show abstract

“…Sun et al proposed another graphene coupling structure composed of multiple resonance modes to attain a more extensive depth, including dipole resonance, LC resonance, and SRR resonance [81], as shown in Figure 6a. These resonant modes are coupled with each other at a similar resonant wavelength, improving the sensitivity to the change of the surface plasmon; thus, the tunability of the composite structure is more robust than that of a single resonator with the same Fermi level variation range.…”

Section: Thz Phase Modulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reflective tunable graphene terahertz phase modulator. (a) Graphene−metal hybrid modulator was composed of the silver split ring and nanorod with monolayer graphene as active material, the phase tunability of SRR and LC is smaller than that of the coupling structure; the phase modulation range and smoothness under four incident wavelengths, the maximum shift of nearly 360 • can be achieved at 6.1 µm; (Reprinted with permission from ref [81]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier) (b) Reflection unit consisted of a graphene sheet and a gold disk separated in the middle, comparison of phase difference for the bare graphene and the metal−graphene metasurface at 4.5 THz; the reflection phase distribution of '0' (E F = 0.05 eV) and '1' (E F = 0.4 eV) elements in coding metasurface, the phase difference was approximately 180 • at frequency from 4 THz to 5 THz; (Reprinted with permission from ref [78].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices

Wang

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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In recent years, terahertz waves have attracted significant attention for their promising applications. Due to a broadband optical response, an ultra-fast relaxation time, a high nonlinear coefficient of graphene, and the flexible and controllable physical characteristics of its meta-structure, graphene metamaterial has been widely explored in interdisciplinary frontier research, especially in the technologically important terahertz (THz) frequency range. Here, graphene’s linear and nonlinear properties and typical applications of graphene metamaterial are reviewed. Specifically, the discussion focuses on applications in optically and electrically actuated terahertz amplitude, phase, and harmonic generation. The review concludes with a brief examination of potential prospects and trends in graphene metamaterial.

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“…[3][4][5] Typically, dynamic metasurfaces rely on active material with tunable optical properties to tailor the optical response of each unit cell. A great variety of active materials, including semiconductor materials, [6][7][8] transparent conducting oxides, [9][10][11] liquid crystal (LC), [12][13][14] 2D materials [15,16] and phase-change materials (PCM), [17][18][19][20][21][22] have been explored to extend the tuning mechanism. Pioneering studies have presented varied functionalities based on this design, such as tunable beam deflection, [11] dynamic focusing, [23] beam switching [24] and color display.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Transmissive Metasurface for Broadband Phase‐Only Modulation Based on Phase‐Change Materials

Zhuo

Zhao

et al. 2022

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Dynamic metasurfaces provide exciting opportunities for spatial light modulation with ultra‐compact footprint and high resolution. Designs reported so far typically suffer from efficiency problem due to the strong coupling between amplitude and phase modulation. Huygens metasurface design eliminates the back propagation with interference of dual resonances, offering a potential solution for phase‐only modulation. However, the intrinsic dispersion mismatch between the dual modes restricts this design to a highly limited bandwidth. Here, a dynamic phase‐change metasurface design that enables transmissive phase modulation covering over 240° with high‐level transmisstance maintained over 0.8 and a large operation bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from 1516 to 1596 nm, is presented. To verify the potential usage of this design, a multi‐state phase‐change control scheme that enables quasi‐continuous phase modulation is further provided. The key feature of this design is the leverage of congener Huygens concept. Judicious incorporation of lossless phase‐change material (PCM) with congener Huygens metasurface allows wideband holding of Huygens condition, which provides a perfect platform to simultaneously address the efficiency and bandwidth problems. This novel feature represents a meaningful step forward to integrate spatial light modulation.

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Graphene-based active metasurface with more than 330° phase tunability operating at mid-infrared spectrum

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

Dynamic and Active THz Graphene Metamaterial Devices

Dynamic Transmissive Metasurface for Broadband Phase‐Only Modulation Based on Phase‐Change Materials

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