Graphene-Assisted Polymer Waveguide Optically Controlled Switch Using First-Order Mode

Yang, Yue; Lv, Jiawen; Lin, Baizhu; Cao, Yue; Yi, Yunji; Zhang, Daming

doi:10.3390/polym13132117

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…According to the principle of thermo-optic switching, one side of the arms is heated to change the effective mode refractive index of the waveguide, resulting in a shift in phase and enabling the device to achieve the switching function. After determining the length of the heating region, the effective mode refractive index difference which is required to achieve a certain phase difference between the two arms can be calculated by Equation (1) [ 23 ]:

where

is the waveguide phase change,

is the optical wavelength,

is the variation of the phase difference between the two arms due to heating, and

is the length of the heating region. Due to the higher thermal-optic coefficient of the polymer, heating to the same temperature can lead to a greater change in the refractive index.…”

Section: Design and Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Power Consumption Hybrid-Integrated Thermo-Optic Switch with Polymer Cladding and Silica Waveguide Core

Xie

Han

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Taking advantage of the large thermo-optical coefficient of polymer materials, a hybrid-integrated thermo-optic switch was designed and simulated. It is also compatible with the existing silica-based planar light-wave circuit (PLC) platform. To further reduce the power consumption, we introduced the air trench structure and optimized the structural parameters of the heating region. This scheme is beneficial to solving the problem of the large driving power of silica-based thermo-optic switches at this stage. Compared with the switching power of all-silica devices, the power consumption can be reduced from 116.11 mW (TE) and 114.86 mW (TM) to 5.49 mW (TE) and 5.96 mW (TM), which is close to the driving power of the reported switches adopting polymer material as the core. For the TE mode, the switch’s rise and fall times were 121 µs and 329 µs. For the TM mode, the switch times were simulated to be 118 µs (rise) and 329 µs (fall). This device can be applied to hybrid integration fields such as array switches and reconfigurable add/drop multiplexing (ROADM) technology.

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where

is the waveguide phase change,

is the optical wavelength,

is the variation of the phase difference between the two arms due to heating, and

is the length of the heating region. Due to the higher thermal-optic coefficient of the polymer, heating to the same temperature can lead to a greater change in the refractive index.…”

Section: Design and Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Power Consumption Hybrid-Integrated Thermo-Optic Switch with Polymer Cladding and Silica Waveguide Core

Xie

Han

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…A thermal optical switch has been demonstrated with graphene assistance. The heat is induced by the absorption of graphene at the pump signal of 980 nm and controls the 1550 nm optical signal with a power consumption of only 9.5 mW [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Graphene–Silicon Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for On-Chip Signal–Frequency Conversion

Tippinit,

Kuittinen,

Roussey

2024

Photonics

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We present the design and simulations of a novel integrated device concept enabling a frequency conversion of a broad signal. The solution is based on a hybrid silicon–graphene photonic chip, which could be used for controlled spectrometry in low-cost devices. The device is based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform on which an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is designed for operation at the center wavelength of λ = 1800 nm. The AWG is spectrally separating one broad input signal to thirty-two-output channels with a channel spacing of 2.72 nm. The output signals are well separated and uniform with the extinction ratio and the standard deviation of 10.00 dB and 0.04, respectively. The 3 dB channel width is 1.34 nm, which is suitable for sensing applications with significant accuracy. After spacial and spectral separation, each output signal is then converted to one signal at 1480 nm wavelength through a graphene-based saturable absorber scheme. Therefore, the device allows the detection of each separated signal with a simple near-infrared camera on which the outputs are imaged using conventional optics, leading to a classical pixel/wavelength correspondence. Crossed-waveguide couplers are designed to combine the controlling signal at 1480 nm to each channel waveguide of the AWG. The combination of the signals saturates the graphene layer at the output waveguides, allowing the pass of the controlling wavelength. This device can be applied as a spectrometer in environmental sensing and monitoring with high efficiency and low cost.

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“…By the use of a graphene-on-silicon nanobeam cavity, a switch is also demonstrated with a switching power of 47 mW [ 24 ]. The polymer thermo-optic switch can obtain a power consumption of 9.5 mW and a switching time of 106 µs (rise)/102 µs (fall) [ 25 ]. Meanwhile, the on-chip silicon photonic waveguide switch can reduce the switching time to be 5.4 µs; however, the electric power consumption increases in the meantime, which reaches approximately 22.5 mW [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Power Consuming Mode Switch Based on Hybrid-Core Vertical Directional Couplers with Graphene Electrode-Embedded Polymer Waveguides

et al. 2022

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We propose a mode switch based on hybrid-core vertical directional couplers with an embedded graphene electrode to realize the switching function with low power consumption. We designed the device with Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) material as the guide wave cores and epoxy polymer material as cladding to achieve a thermo-optic switching for the E11, E21 and E12 modes, where monolayer graphene served as electrode heaters. The device, with a length of 21 mm, had extinction ratios (ERs) of 20.5 dB, 10.4 dB and 15.7 dB for the E21, E12 and E11 modes, respectively, over the C-band. The power consumptions of three electric heaters were reduced to only 3.19 mW, 3.09 mW and 2.97 mW, respectively, and the response times were less than 495 µs, 486 µs and 498 µs. Additionally, we applied such a device into a mode division multiplexing (MDM) transmission system to achieve an application of gain equalization of few-mode amplification among guided modes. The differential modal gain (DMG) could be optimized from 5.39 dB to 0.92 dB over the C-band, together with the characteristic of polarization insensitivity. The proposed mode switch can be further developed to switch or manipulate the attenuation of the arbitrary guided mode arising in the few-mode waveguide.

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Graphene-Assisted Polymer Waveguide Optically Controlled Switch Using First-Order Mode

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Low Power Consumption Hybrid-Integrated Thermo-Optic Switch with Polymer Cladding and Silica Waveguide Core

Low Power Consumption Hybrid-Integrated Thermo-Optic Switch with Polymer Cladding and Silica Waveguide Core

Hybrid Graphene–Silicon Arrayed Waveguide Gratings for On-Chip Signal–Frequency Conversion

Low Power Consuming Mode Switch Based on Hybrid-Core Vertical Directional Couplers with Graphene Electrode-Embedded Polymer Waveguides

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