Graphene and graphene oxide with anticancer applications: Challenges and future perspectives

Shafiee, Ali; Iravani, Siavash; Varma, Rajender S.

doi:10.1002/mco2.118

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…For example, smaller GO flakes showed, in general, less toxicity. The size of GO is also important to be always taken into account, as a mechanism by which the material internalises into a target cell [244][245][246].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials

Krasteva

Georgieva

2022

Pharmaceutics

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global health problem responsible for 10% of all cancer incidences and 9.4% of all cancer deaths worldwide. The number of new cases increases per annum, whereas the lack of effective therapies highlights the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Conventional treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are widely applied in oncology practice. Their therapeutic success is little, and therefore, the search for novel technologies is ongoing. Many efforts have focused recently on the development of safe and efficient cancer nanomedicines. Nanoparticles are among them. They are uniquewith their properties on a nanoscale and hold the potential to exploit intrinsic metabolic differences between cancer and healthy cells. This feature allows them to induce high levels of toxicity in cancer cells with little damage to the surrounding healthy tissues. Graphene oxide is a promising 2D material found to play an important role in cancer treatments through several strategies: direct killing and chemosensitization, drug and gene delivery, and phototherapy. Several new treatment approaches based on nanoparticles, particularly graphene oxide, are currently under research in clinical trials, and some have already been approved. Here, we provide an update on the recent advances in nanomaterials-based CRC-targeted therapy, with special attention to graphene oxide nanomaterials. We summarise the epidemiology, carcinogenesis, stages of the CRCs, and current nanomaterials-based therapeutic approaches for its treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials

Krasteva

Georgieva

2022

Pharmaceutics

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“…The folate receptor is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol conjugated glycoprotein that is overexpressed on cancer cell membrane surfaces [ 72 ]. The FA-conjugated probes can be endocytosed via the folate receptor; hence, specific cancer targeting can be achieved [ 8 , 73 ].…”

Section: Graphene-based Photoacoustic Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the Art in Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Imaging

et al. 2022

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Photoacoustic imaging using energy conversion from light to ultrasound waves has been developed as a powerful tool to investigate in vivo phenomena due to their complex characteristics. In photoacoustic imaging, endogenous chromophores such as oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, melanin, and lipid provide useful biomedical information at the molecular level. However, these intrinsic absorbers show strong absorbance only in visible or infrared optical windows and have limited light transmission, making them difficult to apply for clinical translation. Therefore, the development of novel exogenous contrast agents capable of increasing imaging depth while ensuring strong light absorption is required. We report here the application of carbon nanomaterials that exhibit unique physical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties as imaging probes in photoacoustic imaging. Classified into specific structures, carbon nanomaterials are synthesized with different substances according to the imaging purposes to modulate the absorption spectra and highly enhance photoacoustic signals. In addition, functional drugs can be loaded into the carbon nanomaterials composite, and effective in vivo monitoring and photothermal therapy can be performed with cell-specific targeting. Diverse applied cases suggest the high potential of carbon nanomaterial-based photoacoustic imaging in in vivo monitoring for clinical research.

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“…An assortment of nanoparticles and nanoarchitectures has been designed with satisfactory biocompatibility and targeting properties for a wide range of biomedical and clinical applications; however, due to the stringent regulatory necessities, only a handful of them have entered into clinical trials/studies. Nevertheless, these materials have garnered widespread attention from scientists for their deployment as anticancer nanocarriers and nanobiosensors [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced MXene-Based Micro- and Nanosystems for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

et al. 2022

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MXenes with unique mechanical, optical, electronic, and thermal properties along with a specific large surface area for surface functionalization/modification, high electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity have been explored as attractive candidates for the targeted delivery of drugs in cancer therapy. These two-dimensional materials have garnered much attention in the field of cancer therapy since they have shown suitable photothermal effects, biocompatibility, and luminescence properties. However, outstanding challenging issues regarding their pharmacokinetics, biosafety, targeting properties, optimized functionalization, synthesis/reaction conditions, and clinical translational studies still need to be addressed. Herein, recent advances and upcoming challenges in the design of advanced targeted drug delivery micro- and nanosystems in cancer therapy using MXenes have been discussed to motivate researchers to further investigate this field of science.

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Graphene and graphene oxide with anticancer applications: Challenges and future perspectives

Cited by 41 publications

References 153 publications

Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials

Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Treatment Based on Nanomaterials

State of the Art in Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Imaging

Advanced MXene-Based Micro- and Nanosystems for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy

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