Graphene and Carbon Nanotube‐based Electrochemical Sensing Platforms for Dopamine

Abstract

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter, which is created and released from the central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in human activities, like cognition, emotions, and response to anything. Maladjustment of DA in human blood serum results in different neural diseases, like Parkinson's and Schizophrenia. Consequently, researchers have started working on DA detection in blood serum, which is undoubtedly a hot research area. Electrochemical sensing techniques are more promising to detect DA in real samples. However, utilizing conventional electrodes for selective determination of DA encounters numerous problems due to the coexistence of other materials, such as uric acid and ascorbic acid, which have an oxidation potential close to DA. To overcome such problems, researchers have put their focus on the modification of bare electrodes. The aim of this review is to present recent advances in modifications of most used bare electrodes with carbonaceous materials, especially graphene, its derivatives, and carbon nanotubes, for electrochemical detection of DA. A brief discussion about the mechanistic phenomena at the electrode interface has also been included in this review.

A Review of Supercapacitors: Materials Design, Modification, and Applications

“…Another carbon-based EDLC contains carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. Graphene is a substantial substance with good mechanical strength and chemical stability and high electrical and thermal conductivity [55][56][57][58][59]. Within its structure, it can also combine with many functional groups, resulting in its electrical and mechanical capabilities.…”

Recent Advances in Processing and Applications of Heterobimetallic Oxide Thin Films by Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition

“…erable attention due to their numerous benefits, including high sensitivity, improved selectivity, reliability, and portability. [12,13,[109][110][111][112][113][114][115] Particularly, electrochemical sensors based on transition-metal oxides modified FTO/ITO substrate further reduce the cost of the sensor product and can easily approach at the scalability level. An efficient electrocatalytic material needs to fulfill three critical features for sensing applications, which are as follows: 1) larger surface area and unique morphology, 2) abundance of active catalytic sites, and 3) fast and rapid fabrication procedure.…”

Preparation of Highly Stable and Electrochemically Active Three‐dimensional Interconnected Graphene Frameworks from Jute Sticks

“…There are multiple allotropes of carbon, including graphite, diamond, and graphene. But graphene has opened new avenues in nanotechnology and science due to its diverse applications [1–7] . A two‐dimensional (2D) sheet of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms with a honeycomb hexagonal lattice structure is called graphene [8,9] .…”

“…Moreover, graphene has also shown excellent physical properties, which have obtained enormous research attention in both the engineering and scientific communities [16] . Some of these unique properties have been considered for a variety of applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding, [17] antennas, [18] transparent conductors for touch screens, [19] nanoelectromechanical systems, [20] flexible electronics, [21] interconnects, [22] sensors, [4,23] and supercapacitors [5,24,25] …”

“…Moreover, graphene has also shown excellent physical properties, which have obtained enormous research attention in both the engineering and scientific communities. [16] Some of these unique properties have been considered for a variety of applications, such as electromagnetic interference shielding, [17] antennas, [18] transparent conductors for touch screens, [19] nanoelectromechanical systems, [20] flexible electronics, [21] interconnects, [22] sensors, [4,23] and supercapacitors. [5,24,25] One of the most significant properties of graphene is that under ambient conditions its charge carriers can transfer from one place to another without any scattering due to their behavior as massless relativistic particles (Dirac fermions).…”