“…Non-radial measures such as the slacks based measure (SBM) proposed by Tone (2001), the enhanced Russell graph measure (ERGM) proposed in Pastor et al (1999) and the rangeadjusted measure developed by Cooper et al (1999) belong to this sort of models. In the second approach, the closest targets are computed for a given DMU according to a previously specified criterion of similarity, that is, considering the closeness between the values of the inputs and/or outputs of the DMU under assessment and the corresponding targets (see, e.g., Aparicio et al, 2007Aparicio et al, , 2017Fukuyama et al, 2014;Ruiz and Sirvent, 2020;Vakili et al, 2020). Although the least distance approach has the merit of potentially identifying the closest or easily acceptable efficient target for the DMs, we start by utilizing the greatest distance framework that has traditionally been employed because of its computational easiness (Fukuyama et al, 2014), then progressing towards the most preferred efficient target according to the DM's preferences.…”