Grapevine Gene Systems for Resistance to Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea and Powdery Mildew Erysiphe necator

Abstract

Grapevine is one of the world’s most economically important fruit crops. It is known that Vitis vinifera is a host for a large number of pathogenic agents, which significantly reduce the yield and berry quality. This forces the agronomists to use a huge amount of fungicides. Over the last few decades, alternative methods for solving this problem have been developed and continue to be developed. Such new technologies as marker-assisted selection, bioengineering of the rhizosphere, genetic engineering (transgenesis, cisgenesis and intragenesis) allow the production of pathogen-resistant cultivars. However, they are linked to a number of problems. One of the most promising methods is the creation of modified non-transgenic cultivars via CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis. Therefore, researchers are actively looking for target genes associated with pathogen resistance and susceptibility. This review elucidates the main mechanisms of plant—pathogen interactions, the immune systems developed by plants, as well as the identified genes for resistance and susceptibility to the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe necator and the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea.

Pre‐infection efficacy of resistance inducers against grapevine powdery mildew

“…Host resistance restricts E. necator invasion through the inhibition of conidial germination, appressorium development, haustorium formation and development of secondary hyphae, thus preventing infection (Gadoury et al, 2012), or through programmed cell death at the site of infection and phytoalexin accumulation in the surrounding cells (Schnee et al, 2008), thus stopping infection in the early stages (Ciubotaru et al, 2023;Qiu et al, 2015). Genetic resistance also inhibits the proliferation of hyphae on the plant surface and reduces fungal sporulation (Ciubotaru et al, 2023;Fedorina et al, 2022;Sosa-Zuniga et al, 2022). These reactions are expressed through pattern-triggered calcium influx, oxidative burst, a mitogenactivated protein kinase cascade, as well as effector-triggered defence gene activations and localized hypersensitive responses (Fedorina et al, 2022;Sosa-Zuniga et al, 2022).…”

“…Genetic resistance also inhibits the proliferation of hyphae on the plant surface and reduces fungal sporulation (Ciubotaru et al., 2023; Fedorina et al., 2022; Sosa‐Zuniga et al., 2022). These reactions are expressed through pattern‐triggered calcium influx, oxidative burst, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade, as well as effector‐triggered defence gene activations and localized hypersensitive responses (Fedorina et al., 2022; Sosa‐Zuniga et al., 2022).…”

Induced Resistance in Fruit and Vegetables: A Host Physiological Response Limiting Postharvest Disease Development

“…Also, in non-climacteric citrus and grapes, a 1-MCP treatment increased susceptibility to blue and gray mold, respectively (105). This effect in avocado was the result of the need for low concentrations of ET to induce the preformed compounds, and in grapes, it was the result of the inhibited accumulation of anthocyanins associated with ripening of berries (24,42,53). These examples indicate the complex behavior of ET in the modulation of inducible factors modulating fruit resistance.…”

Advanced Forecasting Modeling to Early Predict Powdery Mildew First Appearance in Different Vines Cultivars

“…In fact, humidity, in the range of 40-100%, allows germination of the conidia and infection [6]. The host's best defense is to operate as soon as possible after the first appearance of infection.…”