Grapefruit: the last decade acquisitions

Chitosan-based microcapsules containing grapefruit seed extract grafted onto cellulose fibers by a non-toxic procedure

“…90% for S. epidermis in a concentration of 15 w/v%. The inhibition of both Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus bacteria by EOs, such as GSE, has been reported by many authors; [6][7][8]14,15 however, we could not find in the open literature any data related to the effect of GSE in the specific inhibition of S. epidermis. In our study E. coli is more inhibited than S. epidermis at low GSE concentrations; however, the inhibition of the latter Gram-positive bacteria increases dramatically along with the EO concentration.…”

“…6 Among several EOs studied and characterized, those from grapefruit seed extract (GSE), a commercial product derived from the seeds and pulp of Citrus paradisi, possess highly bactericidal, fungicidal, and antiviral, as well as antiparasitic, properties. [6][7][8] On the other hand, low-or non-biodegradable polymers synthesized from non-bioresourceable precursors are often reported as suitable matrices for microencapsulation, which must conform to legislative guidelines for cosmetic products without the possibility of health risks. 1 Alternatively, the bioresourceable chitosan, which is a linear polysaccharide obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, due to its lack of toxicity, film forming capacity, permeability, high mucoadhesivity, and high tensile strength, has been used as a matrix to encapsulate some drugs and EOs in the pharmaceutical industry.…”

“…12,13 EOs exhibit bactericidal activities on both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, being more sensitive to the latter. 8 It has been reported that the mechanism of action of the EO on the bacterial cell is by diffusion through the cell wall and membrane, disrupting the permeability, and causing loss of ions that collapses the proton pump, and reduces the cellular energy. 6 Herein the results of the inhibition studies of both the bacteria by the GSE are shown in Figure 5.…”

Grapefruit juice and its constituents augment the effect of low pH on inhibition of survival and adherence to intestinal epithelial cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium PT193

“…Grapefruit juice is frequently consumed and is known to have beneficial effects on human health, including anticancer effects and protection against chronic diseases (Tirillini, 2000;Tripoli, 2007;Vanamala et al, 2006). Grapefruit has also been reported to have antimicrobial activity due to the presence of antimicrobial compounds including naringin and naringenin (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005;Tirillini, 2000).…”

“…Grapefruit has also been reported to have antimicrobial activity due to the presence of antimicrobial compounds including naringin and naringenin (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005;Tirillini, 2000). Low pH (3.0-3.3) and low carbohydrate content in grapefruit juice may be additional factors that limit bacterial survival in the juice.…”