Grapefruit response to variable salinity in irrigation water and soil

Bielorai, H.; Shalhevet, J.; Levy, Y.

doi:10.1007/bf00269008

Cited by 47 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The yield decrement for each dS m-1 increase in mean soil ECr above the thresholds level was lowest for sour orange, 10.5%, as compared with Cleopatra and macrophylla 13.7 and 14.2%, respectively. These ranges of threshold values and rates of yield decline for each dS m-1 are within the range reported by Bielorai et al (1978) in grapefruit and by Heller et al (1973);Bingham etal. (1974);Shalhevet et al (1974), Francois andClark (1980); Cole (1985) and Bielorai et al (1988) in orange trees.…”

Section: Growth and Fruit Productionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Citrus response to salinity depends on several factors, such as rootstock-scion combination, irrigation system, soil type and climate, and changing some of these factors with the same irrigation water could produce entirely different results. Thus long-term experiments (Heller et al 1973;Bingham et al 1974;Shalhevet et al 1974;Bielorai et al 1978; Francois and Clark 1980;Cole 1985;Bielorai et al 1988) have established that the salt tolerance of grapefruit and orange trees on different rootstocks differs.However, to the author's knowledge there is no published information pertaining to long-term effects of salinity on the fruit yield of lemon trees. Thus the objective of this 5-year field experiment was to study the response of lemon trees cv.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Salt tolerance of lemon trees as affected by rootstock

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A field experiment was conducted for five years to study the response of 6-year old lemon trees cv. Verna on three different rootstock (sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and macrophylla) to uniform applications of four irrigation waters having C1-concentrations of 4 (control), 11, 26.5 and 42.5 mol m-3, respectively.Fruit yield and the growth in trunk circumference were significantly reduced by increasing salinity in the rootzone, although this effect varied with the rootstock. The threshold values for response were 1.53, 2.08 and 1.02 dS m-1 for sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and macrophylla respectively. The corresponding yield reduction for each unit increase in salinity above those values was 10.5, 13.7 and 14.2%, respectively. Trees on macrophylla accumulated higher C1-concentrations in the leaves than those from the other two rootstocks. The role of the interstock of sanguina orange on restriction of C1 uptake is discussed.The citrus growing area in Spain is located along the Mediterranean sea, with about 64% of water available having chloride concentrations higher than 10 mol m-3 (Martinez et al. 1987). Citrus response to salinity depends on several factors, such as rootstock-scion combination, irrigation system, soil type and climate, and changing some of these factors with the same irrigation water could produce entirely different results. Thus long-term experiments (Heller et al. 1973;Bingham et al. 1974;Shalhevet et al. 1974;Bielorai et al. 1978; Francois and Clark 1980;Cole 1985;Bielorai et al. 1988) have established that the salt tolerance of grapefruit and orange trees on different rootstocks differs.However, to the author's knowledge there is no published information pertaining to long-term effects of salinity on the fruit yield of lemon trees. Thus the objective of this 5-year field experiment was to study the response of lemon trees cv. Verna budded on three different rootstocks to four water qualities by measuring soil salinity, fruit yield and leaf chloride uptake. Offprint requests to: A. Cerda Materials and methodsThe Experimental Research Farm is located at 38~ 2~ with climatic conditions characterized by the following values averaged for the 1985-1989 period: rainfall 455 mm, air temperature 18~ relative humidity 65% and Class A pan evaporation 1751 mm.The experiment was carried out on a deep stony soil with calcium carbonate content of 550 g kg-i, classified as a Paralithic-mollic-calciorthid with a non-uniform profile having a bulk density and a volumetric water content at a matric potential of -0.03 MPa in the 0-0.5 m layer of 1.36 Mgm -3 and 0.27 m 3 m -3 respectively. The corresponding values in the 0.5-1.20 m layer were 1.41 Mg m-3 and 0.23 m 3 m-3 respectively.Uniform seedlings of sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin and macrophylla rootstocks were transplanted from a nursery to the experimental site in June 1976. After two years, macrophylla seedlings were budded with Verna lemon scions, whereas sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin were budded with sanguina orange scions (frost nucellar sel...

show abstract

Section: Growth and Fruit Productionsupporting

confidence: 62%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt tolerance of lemon trees as affected by rootstock

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The sour orange rootstock is a good C1 excluder (Boaz et al 1977;Shalhevet and Levy 1990) and the main salinity effect seems to be osmotic, as shown in the previous section. Similar osmotic effects of salinity on grapefruits grafted on sour orange were found by Bielorai et al (1978). The gradual increase in leaf C1 and Na concentrations during the six-year study, despite the fact that most of the C1 is leached out of the root zone each year, can be explained in two ways: either the Cl-excluding mechanism deteriorates slowly, or that not all leaf C1 originates directly from root uptake, but part of the leaf C1 is translocated from other parts of the tree.…”

Section: Leaf and Fruit Analysissupporting

confidence: 57%

The effect of saline irrigation water on ?Shamouti? orange trees

et al. 1991

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An irrigation experiment with water of different salinities (2.8, 7.6 and 12.7 tool C1 m -a) was carried out from 1982 to 1988 in a mature "Shamouti" orange grove in the coastal plain of Israel. Seasonal accumulation of salts in the soil solution of the root zone (EC of more than 4.0 dS m-1 at the end of the irrigation season) was almost totally leached during the winter. The average annual rainfall of 550 mm reduced EC values below 1.0 dS m-1. Tree growth, as measured by the increase in cross sectional area of main branches, was retarded by saline irrigation water (123, 107 and 99 cm 2 growth per tree during six years for the 2.8, 7.6 and 12.7 mol C1 m-3 treatments, respectively). Potassium fertilization (360 kg K20 ha -1) increased yield at all salinity levels during the last three years of the experiment, mainly by increasing fruit size. Saline irrigation water slightly increased sucrose and C1 concentrations in the fruit juice. Salinity decreased transpiration, increased soil water potential before irrigation and decreased leaf water potential. However, the changes in leaf water potential were small. Leaf C1 and Na concentrations increased gradually during the experimental period, but did not reach toxic levels up to the end of the experiment (4.4 g C1 kg-1 dry matter in the high salt treatment vs. 1.7 in the control). Relatively more leaf shedding occurred in the salinized trees as compared to the control. The sour orange rootstock apparently provided an effective barrier to NaC1 uptake; therefore, the main effect of salinity was probably osmotic in nature. No interactions were found between N or K fertilization and salinity. Additional N fertilization (160 kg N ha-1 over and above the 200 kg in the control) did not reduce C1 absorption nor did it affect yield or fruit quality. Additional K had no effect on Na absorption but yield and fruit size were increased at all salinity levels. No significant differences were obtained between partial and complete soil surface wetting (30% and 90% of the total soil area resp.) with the same amounts of irrigation water. The effect of salinity on yield over the six years of the experiment was relatively small and occurred Offprint requests to: S. Dasberg only after some years. But, in the last three years salinity significantly reduced average yields to 74.6, 67.1, and 64.2 Mg ha-1 for the three levels of salinity, respectively.These results suggest that saline waters of up to 13 mol C1 m-3 primarily influence the tree water uptake and growth response of "Shamouti" orange trees, whereas yield was only slightly reduced during six years.The effect of salinity on citrus culture was comprehensively reviewed by Bernstein (1969). He concluded that salt tolerance was very much dependent on rootstock: sour orange and rough lemon were less sensitive than sweet lime and Troyer citrange while Cleopatra mandarin was the most tolerant. Large differences in C1 and Na uptake by different citrus rootstocks were subsequently reported by Grieve and Walker (1983). A survey of citrus orchard...

show abstract

“…The adverse effects of salinity on citrus tree growth and fruit production in arid areas have been intensively studied (Bielorai et al, 1978;Bingham et al, 1973;Boaz, 1978;Cole and McCloud, 1985;Francois and Clark, 1980;Maas and Hoffman, 1977;Pehrson et al, 1985;Shalhevet et al, 1974). Water relations, stomatal conductance, and CO 2 assimilation have also been investigated (Behboudian et al, 1986;Hartmond et al, 1987;Lloyd et al, 1987a;1987b;1990;Walker et al, 1982;Zekri, 1987;Zekri and Parsons, 1989;1990a;1990b;1990c).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salinity tolerance of citrus rootstocks: Effects of salt on root and leaf mineral concentrations

1992

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of three concentrations of sodium chloride (NaC1) on seven citrus rootstocks were studied under greenhouse conditions. Leaf and root mineral concentrations and seedling growth were measured. Sodium chloride was added to the nutrient solution to achieve final osmotic potentials of -0.10, -0.20, and -0.35 MPa. Increasing the concentration of NaC1 in the nutrition solution reduced growth proportionally and altered leaf and root mineral concentrations of all rootstocks. Significant differences in leaf and root mineral concentration among rootstocks were also found under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Salinity caused the greatest growth reduction in Milam lemon and trifoliate orange and the least reduction in sour orange and Cleopatra mandarin. No specific nutrient deficiency was the sole factor reducing growth and causing injury to citrus rootstocks. Sodium chloride sensitivity of citrus rootstocks in terms of leaf burn symptoms and growth reduction could be attributed more to C1 than to Na. Sodium and CI concentrations were greater in the leaves than in the roots, particularly at the medium and high salinity levels. Root C1 was not useful for assessing injury because no differences were found in root C1 concentrations among rootstocks. Increasing salinity level did not affect the level of N and Ca in the roots but did reduce N and Ca levels in the leaves. No relationship in mineral concentration or accumulation seemed to exist between citrus leaves and roots. At the -0.10MPa salinity level, sour orange, rough lemon, and Milam were not able to exclude either Na or C1 from their leaves. Trifoliate orange and its two hybrids (Swingle citrumelo and Carrizo citrange) excluded Na at the lowest salt level used, but were unable to exclude Na at the higher salinity levels. Similarly, Cleopatra mandarin excluded C1 at the lowest salt level, but was not able to exclude C1 at higher salt concentrations. Hence, the ability of citrus rootstocks to exclude Na or C1 breaks down at higher salt concentrations.

show abstract

Grapefruit response to variable salinity in irrigation water and soil

Cited by 47 publications

References 5 publications

Salt tolerance of lemon trees as affected by rootstock

Salt tolerance of lemon trees as affected by rootstock

The effect of saline irrigation water on ?Shamouti? orange trees

Salinity tolerance of citrus rootstocks: Effects of salt on root and leaf mineral concentrations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About