Grape Cluster Architecture and the Susceptibility of Berries to<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

Vail, M E; Marois, James J.

doi:10.1094/phyto-81-188

Cited by 99 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…cinerea penetration (Vail and Marois, 1991;Kretschmer et al, 2007). During ripening, grape berries undergo a series of complex biochemical and physiological processes that enhance their quality for wine production but also their vulnerability to pathogen infection (Pezet et al, 2003;Deytieux-Belleau et al, 2009).…”

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Developmental and metabolic plasticity of white-skinned grape berries in response to Botrytis cinerea during noble rot

et al. 2015

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Noble rot results from exceptional infections of ripe grape (Vitis vinifera) berries by Botrytis cinerea. Unlike bunch rot, noble rot promotes favorable changes in grape berries and the accumulation of secondary metabolites that enhance wine grape composition. Noble rot-infected berries of cv Sémillon, a white-skinned variety, were collected over 3 years from a commercial vineyard at the same time that fruit were harvested for botrytized wine production. Using an integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics approach, we demonstrate that noble rot alters the metabolism of cv Sémillon berries by inducing biotic and abiotic stress responses as well as ripening processes. During noble rot, B. cinerea induced the expression of key regulators of ripening-associated pathways, some of which are distinctive to the normal ripening of red-skinned cultivars. Enhancement of phenylpropanoid metabolism, characterized by a restricted flux in white-skinned berries, was a common outcome of noble rot and red-skinned berry ripening. Transcript and metabolite analyses together with enzymatic assays determined that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is a consistent hallmark of noble rot in cv Sémillon berries. The biosynthesis of terpenes and fatty acid aroma precursors also increased during noble rot. We finally characterized the impact of noble rot in botrytized wines. Altogether, the results of this work demonstrated that noble rot causes a major reprogramming of berry development and metabolism. This desirable interaction between a fruit and a fungus stimulates pathways otherwise inactive in white-skinned berries, leading to a greater accumulation of compounds involved in the unique flavor and aroma of botrytized wines.

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confidence: 99%

Developmental and metabolic plasticity of white-skinned grape berries in response to Botrytis cinerea during noble rot

et al. 2015

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“…Therefore larger quantities of fungicide may be required for control. Chenin blanc is known to be particularly susceptible to infection by B. cinerea under field conditions due to its tight cluster architecture (Orffer, 1979;Vail & Marois, 1991). However, in this study the grapes were cut into two dimensional shapes, therefore cluster tightness could not have had an influence on the observed susceptibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Spray Deposition and Control of Botrytis cinerea on Grape Leaves and Bunches: Part 2 (Wine Grapes)

Brink¹,

Calitz²,

Fourie³

2016

SAJEV

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Poor control of fruit and foliar diseases in vineyards is often attributed to insufficient spray deposition of susceptible tissue. To optimise spray deposition, a deposition assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomicrography and digital image analyses was developed to determine minimum spray deposition quantity and quality levels needed for effective B. cinerea control in wine grapes (Chenin blanc). Leaves and bunches were sprayed at different growth stages with different volumes of a mixture of fenhexamid and fluorescent pigment. Pigment deposition quantity and quality were determined from photos of pedicels and leaves taken with a digital camera under a stereo microscope and black light illumination at ×30 and ×10 magnification, respectively. After inoculation with dry airborne conidia of B. cinerea infection levels on pedicels, receptacles and leaves were determined and infection levels and deposition data were subjected to sigmoidal and Hoerl regression analyses, respectively. From these biological efficacy curves the deposition levels that affected 75% control of B. cinerea infection (FPC 75 values) were calculated for leaves and for each growth stage for pedicels and receptacles. Deposition measurements on sprayed leaves and bunch parts correlated favourably with Botrytis infection levels. An increase in spray volume resulted in higher deposition quantity and improved quality values with a reduction of B. cinerea infections. However, at a certain point, deposition quality remained constant and infection levels did not decrease significantly with increasing spray volume. Susceptibility of pedicels and receptacles to B. cinerea decreased with maturity.

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“…These factors include canopy density and leaf removal after flowering (English et al, 1989;Gubler et al, 1987;Molitor et al, 2011;Valdés-Gómez et al, 2008;Zoecklein et al, 1992), cluster compactness and thinning (Barbetti, 1980;Ferree et al, 2003;Hed et al, 2009;Marois et al, 1986;Molitor et al, 2011;Percival et al, 1994;Smithyman et al, 1998;Vail and Marois, 1991), nutrition and fertilization (Mundy, 2008), grape training systems (de Bem et al, 2015) and winter pruning (Savage and Sall, 1984).…”

Section: Agronomic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cluster thinning prevents compactness, improves airflow within clusters, and limits berry to berry contact, which restricts cuticle development at the contact points and prevents berry split in the interior of the clusters. Furthermore, fungicide spray cover becomes imperfect as cluster compactness increases (Hed et al, 2009;Marois et al, 1986;Tardaguila et al, 2008;Vail and Marois, 1991;Zoecklein et al, 1992). Additionally, it has been demonstrated that cluster thinning increases the total resveratrol level (Prajitna et al, 2007).…”

Section: Leaf Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

2015

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by Botrytis cinerea is a major disease of grapes (Vitis vinifera) that substantially reduces the yield and quality of grape production in temperate and humid regions of the world. B. cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that attacks the non-lignified aerial organs of grapes; in particular, berries are highly susceptible during ripening. The polycyclic nature and exponential progress exhibited by GM at the beginning of the its epidemic, as well as the abundant inoculum production, the high dissemination efficiency, the wide host range and the high genetic variability of B. cinerea, explain the difficulties encountered in attempting to control GM. At present, integrated disease management, including cultural and chemical control, is the main control strategy. These control measures can be used to reduce the initial inoculum or to lower the disease infection rate. However, control measures that reduce the infection rate are the most effective means of controlling GM. Important progress toward understanding the complexity of the biology and epidemiology of this pathogen has occurred in recent decades. This has allowed the improvement and development of more effective and sustainable control strategies against B. cinerea. This review article provides a recent update regarding grape GM, with special emphasis on Chilean production conditions.

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Grape Cluster Architecture and the Susceptibility of Berries toBotrytis cinerea

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

Developmental and metabolic plasticity of white-skinned grape berries in response to Botrytis cinerea during noble rot

Developmental and metabolic plasticity of white-skinned grape berries in response to Botrytis cinerea during noble rot

Spray Deposition and Control of Botrytis cinerea on Grape Leaves and Bunches: Part 2 (Wine Grapes)

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea limits grape production in Chile

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