Granulomatous Nephritis and Meningoencephalomyelitis Caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Pony Gelding

Akagami, Masataka; Shibahara, Tomoyuki; Yoshiga, Toyoshi; Tanaka, Nobuaki; Yaguchi, Yuji; Onuki, Tokio; Kondo, Takashi; Yamanaka, Takashi; Kubo, Michinori

doi:10.1292/jvms.69.1187

Cited by 40 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Infection may be restricted to local lesions or involve multiple organs through the hematogenous and lymphatic spread of the parasite [7, 9]. The most affected organs are brain, kidney, oral and nasal cavities, spinal cord, eye and lymph nodes [1, 7, 9–16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and molecular characterisation of Halicephalobus gingivalis in the brain of a horse in Piedmont, Italy

et al. 2017

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BackgroundA fatal case of meningoencephalitis was reported in a 13-year-old Koninklijk Warmbloed Paard Nederland stallion, suspected of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, in the Piedmont region of Italy. Clinical signs included right head tilt and circling, depression alternated with excitability, fever and lateral strabismus. Combined treatment consisting of dimethylsulfoxide, dexamethasone, sulphonamides and sedative was administered, but because of the poor conditions the horse was euthanatized and submitted for necropsy.ResultsAt post-mortem examination no skin lesions were observed, all organs appeared normal on gross evaluation and only head and blood samples were further investigated. Neuropathological findings consisted of granulomatous meningoencephalitis and larvae and adult females of Halicephalobus gingivalis were isolated and identified from the digested brain. Frozen brain was submitted to PCR amplification and 220 bp multiple sequence alignment was analysed by Bayesian phylogenetic analysis.ConclusionsPhylogenetic inference revealed that the isolate belongs to H. gingivalis Lineage 3. WN surveillance can help to deepen our knowledge of horse neurological disorders investigating their causes and incidence. Moreover, it can help to understand the geographic distribution of the H. gingivalis, to unravel epidemiological information, and to estimate risk for humans.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and molecular characterisation of Halicephalobus gingivalis in the brain of a horse in Piedmont, Italy

et al. 2017

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“…Subsequently, nematodes most likely invade the bloodstream and lymphatic system and thus reach different organs (e.g. kidneys, liver and brain) where the number of nematodes increases rapidly through parthenogenetic reproduction (Akagami et al 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthelmintic tolerance in free-living and facultative parasitic isolates ofHalicephalobus(Panagrolaimidae)

et al. 2012

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S U M M A R YStudies on anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites do not include facultative parasites. Halicephalobus gingivalis is a freeliving bacterivorous nematode and a known facultative parasite of horses with a strong indication of some form of tolerance to common anthelmintic drugs. This research presents the results of an in vitro study on the anthelmintic tolerance of several isolates of Halicephalobus to thiabendazole and ivermectin using an adaptation of the Micro-Agar Larval Development Test hereby focusing on egg hatching and larval development. Panagrellus redivivus and Panagrolaimus superbus were included as a positive control. The results generally show that the anthelmintic tolerance of Halicephalobus to both thiabendazole and ivermectin was considerably higher than that of the closely related Panagrolaimidae and, compared to other studies, than that of obligatory equine parasites. Our results further reveal a remarkable trend of increasing tolerance from fully freeliving isolates towards horse-associated isolates. In vitro anthelmintic testing with free-living and facultative parasitic nematodes offers the advantage of observing drug effect on the complete life cycle as opposed to obligatory parasites that can only be followed until the third larval stage. We therefore propose Halicephalobus gingivalis as an experimental tool to deepen our understanding of the biology of anthelmintic tolerance.

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“…Four cases in horses have been reported so far in Italy, all native animals which apparently had never left the country, confirming the presence of the parasite in Italy (Cantile et al, 1997;Mandrioli et al, 2002). Worldwide, only three humans cases with fatal outcome have been reported, in all of which the CNS was involved (Akagami et al, 2007;Gardiner et al, 1981;Shadduck et al, 1979), but no human case has been reported in Italy so far. Borna disease was diagnosed in 2 sheep.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonoses Surveillance in Italy (2000-2009): Investigation on Animals with Neurological Symptoms

Iulini¹,

Pintore²,

Maurella³

et al. 2011

Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis 30Neurological diseases include those caused by highly pathogenic neurotropic agents such as rabies viruses and opportunistic agents that may develop disease in the immunocompromised. These agents belong to the genus Rhabdovirus, Herpesvirus, Flavivirus, Alphavirus, Bornavirus and Circovirus; others are bacteria such as Listeria monocytogenes, Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii, Chlamydophila psittaci, Campylobacter jejuni, or parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and Halicephalobus gingivalis. Recognized neurozoonotic agents among the fungi are Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans. Within the group of food-borne zoonoses, E. coli O157: H7 is a particularly relevant syndrome because ruminants, especially cattle, are the main reservoir of the bacterium, while milk and dairy products and meat are the vehicle of infection. At a 2004 meeting on emerging zoonoses jointly organized by the WHO, FAO and OIE, the factors that contribute to the emergence of zoonoses were carefully analyzed: greater pathogen adaptation and resistance (new strains); increased drug resistance; increased susceptibility of humans and animals; climate change and so on. Currently, there are about 60 (DPR 320/54 and European Directive 2003/99/EC), notifiable animal diseases in Italy, many of which are zoonoses, but this list is always likely to change. It is also worth pointing out that the existence of animal reservoirs (domestic and wild) and complex transmission mechanisms, by vector and food, make collaboration between human and veterinary medicine essential for ensuring public health safety. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of neurological zoonoses or zoonotic agents in Italy, and to estimate the epidemiological impact of neurological diseases potentially transmissible to humans. It is important to assess which species are at risk of disease and which are the best reservoirs for pathogens in order to understand the cause of their onset and which measures could be taken against their spread.

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Granulomatous Nephritis and Meningoencephalomyelitis Caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Pony Gelding

Cited by 40 publications

References 14 publications

Isolation and molecular characterisation of Halicephalobus gingivalis in the brain of a horse in Piedmont, Italy

Isolation and molecular characterisation of Halicephalobus gingivalis in the brain of a horse in Piedmont, Italy

Anthelmintic tolerance in free-living and facultative parasitic isolates ofHalicephalobus(Panagrolaimidae)

Zoonoses Surveillance in Italy (2000-2009): Investigation on Animals with Neurological Symptoms

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