Granular surface waves interaction across phases modeled by mesh-free method

Two-dimensional continuum modelling granular column collapse by non-local peridynamics in a mesh-free method with rheology

“…In the simulations, the free surface evolution in the granular column collapse is compared with the experimental observations, with the focus on the free surface and velocity variations in the solid-like state. The simulation is also compared with the previous local modelling without incorporation of peridynamics (Xu et al 2017;Xu et al 2019). This illustrates that peridynamics in the mesh-free method can reproduce the free surface and internal motion in both the fluid-like and solid-like states in the granular flow.…”

“…In granular column collapse, the volume fraction has a small variation in the range 0.59-0.65 (Lajeunesse et al 2004;Lajeunesse et al 2005), so ϕ is assumed to be constant as ϕ = 0.62, which results in a constant bulk density. Thus, the bulk fluid for the granular material is modelled as an incompressible fluid, with the governing equations in the Lagrangian framework expressed as (Minatti & Paris 2015;Xu et al 2019)…”

“…The numerical results by the non-local mesh-free method were compared with those from the local modelling (Xu & Jin 2016b;Xu et al 2017). The local modelling did not apply peridynamics to solve the equation of motion, while the spatial discretization was still based on the MPS method (Xu & Jin 2016;Xu et al 2017;Xu et al 2019). The governing equations were solved with the predictor-and-corrector time splitting scheme.…”

“…Their model was then used to simulate the collision of two adjacent collapsing granular columns, by comparison with experimental results in terms of free surface and velocity distribution. They also analysed the energy variation in the granular flow (Xu, Jin & Tai 2019). Their method was shown to simulate the granular flow on an inclined plate by Rufai, Jin & Tai (2019).…”

“…Pouliquen & Forterre (2009) also pointed out that the μ(I) rheology is not sufficiently capable of capturing flow properties when the material is quasi-static. In the simulations by the mesh-free method of WC-MPS (Xu & Jin 2016;Xu et al 2019), there are obvious discrepancies for the free surface comparison in the final stage when the flow becomes quasi-static. The simulated free surface profiles were demonstrated to be much flatter owing to the non-negligible unphysical motion for the flow in the solid-like state.…”