Grammatik Der Homerischen Sprache (G)

Nünlist, René; Stoevesandt, Magdalene; Wächter, Rudolf; West, M. L.; Latacz, Joachim; Graf, Fritz; Jong, Irene de

doi:10.1515/9783110221213.61

Cited by 7 publications

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“…For the origin of the indicative, the co-occurrence of the optative and the indicative, and the expansion of the indicative and eventual disappearance of the optative in 324,[328][329][344][345], Chantraine (1953: 218), Smyth and Messing (1956: 520), Humbert (1960: 119-121), Brunel (1980: 240), Strunk (1997: 148), Hettrich (1998), Chantraine and Casevitz (2015: 246-248, 252-254), and De Decker (2015: 221-240, 2021. This is not discussed in Wachter (2000).…”

Section: Explanations For the Co-occurrence Of The Optative And Indic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

Decker

2022

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis

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In epic Greek both the optative and the indicative (the so-called “modal indicative”) can be used in contexts where the degree of realization is uncertain or even impossible, while in Attic Greek only the indicative is used. In these two articles I discuss whether there is a difference between the optative and the modal indicative in these contexts and/or if it can be determined which was the original mood. As there are about 1500 optatives and 250 modal indicatives in Homer, it is not possible to discuss them all and, therefore, I focus on the passages in which aorist forms of γιγνώσκω, βάλλω and of ἴδον appear, and those conditional constructions in the Odyssey in which the postposed conditional clause is introduced by εἰ μή with either a “modal” indicative or optative. The corpus comprises 100 forms (80 optatives and 20 indicatives), but in each example I also address the other modal indicatives and optatives in the passages, which adds another 50 forms to the corpus. In this part (part 1) I address the optative. First, I provide an overview of the research on the optative in Homeric Greek, discuss the different suggestions for the co-existence of the optative and indicative in these uncertain and/or unreal contexts, explanations which can be summarized into two categories, those assuming that the indicative replaced the optative and those arguing that both moods were original, but had different meanings. Then I explain why this corpus was chosen, prior to the analysis that focuses on two elements, namely the temporal reference (does the mood refer to the past or not) and the degree of possibility (is the action described likely, possible, remotely possible or unlikely/impossible). Initially I consider the optatives with a past reference, then the optatives that could be interpreted as remotely possible or unlikely/impossible (“irrealis” in the terminology of Classical Philology) and conclude by discussing two passages that have been reused in the epics in different contexts with different protagonists and, consequently, with different modal meanings for the same forms. The conclusion of the first part of the article is that the optative was at the most unreal extreme of the irrealis-continuum and could initially refer to the present and future, as well as the past, but that the instances in which there was an exclusive past reference were (very) rare.

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Section: Explanations For the Co-occurrence Of The Optative And Indic...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

Decker

2022

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis

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“…Much has been written on the dative plural endings in Homer (Witte 1913;Ruijgh 1958;Horrocks 1987;Wathelet 1991;Wyatt 1992;Blanc 2007Blanc , 2009Cassio 2017aCassio , 2017b, and on the somewhat related 'Aeolic theory' (Meister 1921;Strunk 1957;Chantraine 1958;Wathelet 1970;Risch 1974;Miller 1982;West 1988;Horrocks 1997;Wachter 2000Wachter , 2007Nagy 2011on the Aeolic dialects, cf. Bl€ umel 1982Parker 2008;Scarborough 2023), so in this section we shall limit ourselves to making some observations based on a recount of the entire evidence, revisiting some specific arguments, and suggesting that -essi in the epic language could well be an innovation which is not necessarily contact-induced.…”

Section: The Evidence Of Early Greek Hexametric Poetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ancient Greek Datives in ‐essi: Contact or Independent Innovations?¹

Capano,

Bianconi

2023

Trans of the Philol Soc

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The Ancient Greek datives in ‐essi have posed a longstanding challenge in Greek linguistics, with their traditional categorisation as ‘Aeolic’ but their widespread presence across Aeolic and non‐Aeolic regions. This article investigates the origin and diffusion of this trait, examining both the early Greek evidence (in particular the Lesbian poets, Homer, and Mycenaean Greek) and that from specific areas, namely Sicily and Pamphylia, which are often overlooked despite their history of language contact. We argue that it is not necessary to have a single explanation for the origin and spread of ‐essi and that independent innovations in Greek dialects better account for the material. Despite the lack of a unitary account, we suggest that something comparable to the concept of “drift” could underlie such a development. By analysing the epigraphic evidence from Sicily and Pamphylia, we conclude that the presence of ‐essi cannot be solely attributed to contact in all the areas in which it is attested. This perspective challenges the notion of ‐essi as a strong dialectal isogloss useful for diachronic dialectal taxonomy. More generally, this case study confirms the importance of considering diachronic typology and language contact to gain a more comprehensive understanding of language change.

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“…Wenn man extreme Größenverhältnisse einmal außer Acht lässt, so ist es offensichtlich, daß das Bestreben dahin gehen sollte, möglichst intensional einfache und deshalb extensive Regeln zu formulieren. Prüft man eine im Schul-wie Hochschulunterricht gebräuchliche Grammatik wie diejenige von Tauscher, Kirschbaum (1970) daraufhin, wie tatsächlich verfahren wird, so sieht man schnell, daß von den beiden genannten Möglichkeiten keine in Reinform verwirklicht wird (s. 1970, 82-83). Die Autoren versuchen, die Substantive, die durch einen "flüchtigen Vokal" gekennzeichnet sind, a) aufgrund ihrer Silbenzahl im Nominativ ("einsilbig"), b) aufgrund des Vorhandenseins bestimmter Suffixe (-ok, -ec) oder c) aufgrund bestimmter Konsonantenverbindungen ("Sonore") abzugrenzen.…”

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Die "flüchtigen Vokale" - ein Didaktikproblem der russischen Grammatik

Kempgen¹

2019

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Mit dem Terminus "flüchtiger Vokal" wird in der russischen Grammatik eine Erscheinung benannt, die in Flexion wie Derivation zu beobachten ist; sie ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß (mindestens) eine Wortform den Vokal /e/ oder /o/ aufweist, während dieser in den übrigen Wortformen fehlt. Grundlage des Vergleichs mehrerer Wortformen miteinander ist dabei in der Flexion eben die Tatsache, daß sie als Formen eines und desselben Wortes betrachtet werden. Problematischer ist diese Grundlage bei Derivationsbeziehungen. Bei dem "flüchtigen Vokal" handelt es sich um eine als regelmäßig betrachtete Alternation im Rahmen der betreffenden Stamm-Allomorphe; die anzuhängenden Endungen sind von dieser Erscheinung nicht berührt. 1 Im Folgenden will ich meine Darlegungen auf die maskulinen Substantive der I. Deklination beschränken, und zwar aus zwei Gründen: erstens ist es so möglich, alle Fälle in einem überschaubaren Rahmen einigermaßen vollständig zu behandeln, zweitens ist die benannte Erscheinung gerade in diesem Bereich ein Didaktikproblem (dazu unten). Ein Vergleich der graphemischen Ebene (s.a. Zaliznjak 1963, 5) mit der phonologischen -wobei es ausreicht, sich jeweils auf die Nominativ-und die Genitivform zu beziehen -zeigt, daß der Terminus "flüchtiger Vokal" tatsächlich nur für die letztere gilt, während auf der ersteren die Verhältnisse komplexer sind, vgl.:Sg., Gen. Sg. graphisch lautlich 1) son, sna o ~ ø /son, sna/ o ~ ø 2) boec, bojca e ~ j /bojéc, bojcá/ e ~ ø 3) paök, pajka ö ~ j /pajók, pajká/ o ~ ø 4) ulej, ul´ä ej ~ ´ /úl'ej, úl'ja/ e ~ ø 5) zverök, zver´ka ö ~ ´ /zv'er'ók, zv'er'ká/ o ~ ø 6) konec, konca e ~ ø /kon'éc, koncá/ e ~ ø, K' ~ K 7) oröl, orla ö ~ ø /or'ól, orlá/ o ~ ø, K' ~ K Im Folgenden sollen beide Ebenen weitgehend parallel zueinander behandelt werden. Wie schon aus diesen Beispielen deutlich wird, kommt die Regelhaftigkeit dieser Erscheinung erst in einer lautbezogenen Transkription zum Ausdruck, wohingegen für 1 Das Auftreten dieser Vokale hängt aber natürlich mit dem Charakter der Endungen zusammen: meist (aber nicht immer) handelt es sich dabei um eine "Nullendung".

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Grammatik Der Homerischen Sprache (G)

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

The Ancient Greek Datives in ‐essi: Contact or Independent Innovations?¹

Die "flüchtigen Vokale" - ein Didaktikproblem der russischen Grammatik

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Grammatik Der Homerischen Sprache (G)

Cited by 7 publications

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The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

The difference between the optative and the “modal” indicative in Homeric Greek: four case studies. Part 1: The optative

The Ancient Greek Datives in ‐essi: Contact or Independent Innovations?1

Die "flüchtigen Vokale" - ein Didaktikproblem der russischen Grammatik

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The Ancient Greek Datives in ‐essi: Contact or Independent Innovations?¹