Grain Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation in Maize Hybrids Released during 1934 to 2013 in the US Midwest

DeBruin, Jason L.; Schussler, Jeffrey R.; Mo, Hua; Cooper, Mark

doi:10.2135/cropsci2016.08.0704

Cited by 75 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Applied fertilizer NUE has been measured between 15 and 85% due to crop, climate, soils, cultural practices, and a host of other factors but typically averages between 30 and 50% (Tilman et al, 2002). DeBruin et al (2017) and others have demonstrated increases in maize NUE due to improved genetics and other factors. However, higher yielding hybrids have been found to be less yield stable at high N rates than under low N conditions due to genotype × environment interactions (Mastrodomenico et al, 2018).…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

2019

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Nitrogen decision making and the selection of the “right” N rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) are difficult due to complex interactions in the N cycle with weather, management, and genetics. An adaptive management approach utilizing farmer networks and participatory learning was established to refine N rate decisions. On‐farm trials were established to reflect grower N rate with additional treatments of ±25% N. In 79 site‐years of wheat, N−25%, Nstd, and N+25% rate treatments were best in 37, 35, and 28% of the trials, respectively. In 100 site‐years of maize, N−25%, Nstd, and N+25% rate treatments were best in 58, 30, and 12% of the trials, respectively. Grower’s selected N rates in wheat were similar to recommendations from the North Carolina Realistic Yield Expectation (RYE) database while maize N rates were an average 48 kg ha−1 higher; however, N−25% rates, which were best 58% of the time, were similar to RYE N rate. Doppler‐based estimates of total precipitation from the National Weather Center explained 90% of the average maize yield variability. However, site‐yield was independent of location, N rate, and total precipitation. Measures of performance (N factor productivity and N balance) varied with achieved yields but indicate most growers apply N adequate to maintain organic N lost through mineralization. Results suggest that improved approaches to N rate selection and N efficiency will likely require in‐season adjustments to yield‐based N rates that incorporate local management and environmental conditions throughout the growing season. Core Ideas Yield level and response is independent of location, N rate, and total precipitation. Doppler‐based rainfall estimates help explain seasonal trends in yield. Growers often select N rates greater than recommended for maize but not wheat.

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Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

2019

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“…The optimum plant population depends on several crucial factors, including soil fertility, soil water-holding capacity, and hybrid maturity group (Sangoi et al, 2002). Interactions between plant genotype and plant population can also affect maize grain yield, with a recent study conducted by DeBruin et al (2017) finding a positive…”

Section: Research Scientific Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent decades, maize grain yields improved with unchanged N inputs, clearly showing more effective N use by modern hybrids (Duvick, 2005;DeBruin et al, 2017). The application rate and timing of N may be altered by the producer according to the prevailing soil and environmental conditions.…”

Section: Soil Tillage and Crop Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Population and Maize Grain Yield: A Global Systematic Review of Rainfed Trials

Haarhoff

Swanepoel

2018

Crop Science

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Maize (Zea mays L.) productivity has increased globally as a result of improved genetics and agronomic practices. Plant population and row spacing are two key agronomic factors known to have a strong influence on maize grain yield. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the effects of plant population on maize grain yield, differentiating between rainfall regions, N input, and soil tillage system (conventional tillage [CT] and no‐tillage [NT]). Data were extracted from 64 peer‐reviewed articles reporting on rainfed field trials, representing 13 countries and 127 trial locations. In arid environments, maize grain yield was low (mean maize grain yield = 2448 kg ha−1) across all plant populations with no clear response to plant population. Variation in maize grain yield was high in semiarid environments where the polynomial regression (p < 0.001, n = 951) had a maximum point at ∼140,000 plants ha−1, which reflected a maize grain yield of 9000 kg ha−1. In subhumid environments, maize grain yield had a positive response to plant population (p < 0.001). Maize grain yield increased for both CT and NT systems as plant population increased. In high‐N‐input (r2 = 0.19, p < 0.001, n = 2 018) production systems, the response of plant population to applied N was weaker than in medium‐N‐input (r2 = 0.49, p < 0.001, n = 680) systems. There exists a need for more metadata to be analyzed to provide improved recommendations for optimizing plant populations across different climatic conditions and rainfed maize production systems. Overall, the importance of optimizing plant population to local environmental conditions and farming systems is illustrated.

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“…Genotypic and environmental variations in the timing and partitioning of N accumulation in maize has been reported (Beauchamp et al, 1976;Moll et al, 1982;Ma and Dwyer, 1998). The period of most rapid N accumulation occurs from V10 to V14 (DeBruin et al, 2017). However, low soil N availability early in the growing season can delay the timing of maximum N accumulation rate (Russelle et al, 1983;Massignam et al, 2009).…”

Section: Core Ideasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late‐Split Nitrogen Applications Increased Maize Plant Nitrogen Recovery but not Yield under Moderate to High Nitrogen Rates

Mueller

Camberato

Messina³

et al. 2017

Agronomy Journal

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N itrogen fertilizer is a high-cost input for maize production that is diffi cult to manage because efficient crop accumulation and utilization is dependent on agronomic, genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Within the wide spectrum of N fertilizer management decisions, a key interest has been improving the effi ciency with which N fertilizers are used by optimizing N rate and the timing of N application. One way to pursue increased N fertilizer effi ciency may be with the use of late-season, split N applications instead of the more common practice of N application near or shortly aft er planting (Scharf et al., 2002). Reasons that can motivate implementing late-season N applications include reducing work load during planting season, avoiding the frequently wet spring soil conditions, and allowing in-season assessment of N fertilizer needs (Scharf et al., 2002). Once N is applied to the soil it is vulnerable to losses from denitrifi cation and leaching, as well as volatilization and surface run-off if not injected (Raun and Johnson, 1999). When considering the potential benefi ts of late-season N applications, of prime interest are how the timing of N application impacts post-silking nitrogen accumulation (PostN), and the relationships between PostN and grain yield.Previous literature refl ects mixed results on the eff ects of the timing of sidedress N application. While Scharf et al. (2002) found no evidence of decreased grain yield when 100% of the N application was delayed until V11, Binder et al. (2000) reported a 12% reduction in maximum grain yield due to delaying sidedress application until V6 in a silty-clay soil. Similarly, Walsh et al. (2012) found a yield loss in six out of nine sites when sidedress was delayed until V10-VT. Th e latter authors attributed this yield decrease to irreversible yield loss due to early season N stress. Th ese studies indicate that a more feasible split-N application strategy would involve applying the majority of the N fertilizer early in the growing season and delaying a supplemental portion until the late-vegetative aBStractTh eoretically, N losses are reduced by synchronizing fertilizer additions with plant uptake requirements. We investigated the impacts of supplemental, late-season N applications on nitrogen fertilizer recovery effi ciency (NRE), and N accumulation and partitioning in maize (Zea mays L.) at silking (R1) and physiological maturity (R6). Also tested was whether modern hybrids responded diff erently to split-N applications compared to hybrids released 20 yr ago. We compared 3 to 4 N rates ranging from 0 to 245 kg N ha -1 applied either in a single application at V3, or split with the last 45 kg N ha -1 delayed until V12, over 3 yr. Two newer hybrids (2012 and 2014) and two 1990 era hybrids (1991 and 1995) were compared at all N treatment combinations. Additional plant N accumulation following latesplit N applications was already apparent at R1, particularly in stems. Late-split N application increased both whole-plant R6 N accumulation and N...

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Grain Yield and Nitrogen Accumulation in Maize Hybrids Released during 1934 to 2013 in the US Midwest

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Maize and Wheat in North Carolina

Plant Population and Maize Grain Yield: A Global Systematic Review of Rainfed Trials

Late‐Split Nitrogen Applications Increased Maize Plant Nitrogen Recovery but not Yield under Moderate to High Nitrogen Rates

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