“…It is generally observed that the smaller the structure size is, the stiffer soil response may be experienced. For example, greater tip resistances are often measured by smaller penetrometers in CPTs (Balachowski, 2007;Bolton et al, 1999;De Beer, 1963;Eid, 1987;Lima and Tumay, 1991;Wu and Ladjal, 2014), the shaft friction and toe resistance of piles tend to increase with decreases of the pile diameter (Balachowski, 2006;Chow, 1996;Lehane et al, 2005;Meyerhof, 1983;Turner and Kulhawy, 1994;Wernick, 1978), the normalised uplift bearing factor of earth anchors may increase with an decreasing ratio of anchor-to-soil grain size (Athani et al, 2017;Sakai et al, 1998;Tagaya et al, 1988). In general, it is found that the size effects existing in these non-dimensional results of the soil resistance closely relate to the ratio of the structure size over the grain size.…”