Grain growth kinetics, microstructure and magnetic properties of mechanically activated Nd1−xCaxMnO3±δ manganites

Influence of heat sintering on the physical properties of bulk La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 perovskite manganite: role of oxygen in tuning the magnetocaloric response

“…It is argued that elements located at the outermost surface have larger binding energies than their bulk-bound counterparts, which means that surface sites often display less stability than bulk sites due to the abrupt termination of the bulk lattice structure. 55…”

“…Evidently, another peak at 290.82 eV (orange line; marked with ♦) is observed in LCM12 and may indicate the presence of another polymorph of carbonates. 55…”

“…The spectra are well fitted by four components: two major peaks (blue lines), corresponding to the Ca 2p 3/2 and Ca 2p 1/2 levels of the solid phase; and two other additional peaks (olive-colored lines), which may come from a small fraction of surface oxide and carbonate species. 55 In comparison to the other specimens, the LCM11 has the least contribution from surface oxide and carbonate species. However, it is clear that the primary lines in LCM12 have been shifted towards higher binding energies.…”

“…Evidently, another peak at 290.82 eV (orange line; marked with ~) is observed in LCM12 and may indicate the presence of another polymorph of carbonates. 55 The Ca 2p core level spectra (Fig. 5c) display spin-orbit doublets with 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 peaks.…”

“…It is argued that elements located at the outermost surface have larger binding energies than their bulk-bound counterparts, which means that surface sites often display less stability than bulk sites due to the abrupt termination of the bulk lattice structure. 55 Furthermore, the C 1s core spectra are examined (Fig. 5b), which deconvolute into three distinct components for LCM9 to LCM11 and four for LCM12.…”