Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors

Hetemi, Dardan; Noël, Vincent; Pinson, Jean

doi:10.3390/bios10010004

Cited by 120 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 131 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…The use of an SPCE with multiple working electrodes allows each electrode to be individually modified and rapidly carry out simultaneous measurements of peak currents. Electrografting using in situ generated diazonium cations is important for modifying the surface of the SPCE by allowing the formation of covalent bonds between the carbon surface and organic films [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The EDC molecule is an established zero-length cross-linking agent that has been employed in coupling carboxyl groups to primary amines in various applications [ 41 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of an Electrochemical DNA Sensor for Measuring KRAS G12D and G13D Point Mutations in Different Tumour Types

et al. 2021

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Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is widely used in liquid biopsies due to having a presence in the blood that is typically in proportion to the stage of the cancer and because it may present a quick and practical method of capturing tumour heterogeneity. This paper outlines a simple electrochemical technique adapted towards point-of-care cancer detection and treatment monitoring from biofluids using a label-free detection strategy. The mutations used for analysis were the KRAS G12D and G13D mutations, which are both important in the initiation, progression and drug resistance of many human cancers, leading to a high mortality rate. A low-cost DNA sensor was developed to specifically investigate these common circulating tumour markers. Initially, we report on some developments made in carbon surface pre-treatment and the electrochemical detection scheme which ensure the most sensitive measurement technique is employed. Following pre-treatment of the sensor to ensure homogeneity, DNA probes developed specifically for detection of the KRAS G12D and G13D mutations were immobilized onto low-cost screen printed carbon electrodes using diazonium chemistry and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride/N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling. Prior to electrochemical detection, the sensor was functionalised with target DNA amplified by standard and specialist PCR methodologies (6.3% increase). Assay development steps and DNA detection experiments were performed using standard voltammetry techniques. Sensitivity (as low as 0.58 ng/μL) and specificity (>300%) was achieved by detecting mutant KRAS G13D PCR amplicons against a background of wild-type KRAS DNA from the representative cancer sample and our findings give rise to the basis of a simple and very low-cost system for measuring ctDNA biomarkers in patient samples. The current time to receive results from the system was 3.5 h with appreciable scope for optimisation, thus far comparing favourably to the UK National Health Service biopsy service where patients can wait for weeks for biopsy results.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimisation of an Electrochemical DNA Sensor for Measuring KRAS G12D and G13D Point Mutations in Different Tumour Types

et al. 2021

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“…This strategy of modification is a powerful tool to immobilize in a stable and reproducible way a wide range of biomolecules or nanomaterials useful to modify a wide variety of electrode surfaces with different substituents. In addition, due to the electrografting processes, it allows differential functionalization of closely spaced surfaces to construct multianalyte biosensors [ 72 ]. Furthermore, the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has a great variety of possibilities in electrochemical biosensors [ 73 ].…”

Section: Bioelectroanalytical Methods For the Determination Of Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Electrochemical Biosensing in the 21st Century Society for Inflammatory Cytokines Involved in Autoimmune, Neurodegenerative, Cardiac, Viral and Cancer Diseases

Campuzano

Yáñez‐Sedeño

Pingarrón

2020

Sensors

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The multifaceted key roles of cytokines in immunity and inflammatory processes have led to a high clinical interest for the determination of these biomolecules to be used as a tool in the diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring and treatment of several diseases of great current relevance (autoimmune, neurodegenerative, cardiac, viral and cancer diseases, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes). Therefore, the rapid and accurate determination of cytokine biomarkers in body fluids, cells and tissues has attracted considerable attention. However, many currently available techniques used for this purpose, although sensitive and selective, require expensive equipment and advanced human skills and do not meet the demands of today’s clinic in terms of test time, simplicity and point-of-care applicability. In the course of ongoing pursuit of new analytical methodologies, electrochemical biosensing is steadily gaining ground as a strategy suitable to develop simple, low-cost methods, with the ability for multiplexed and multiomics determinations in a short time and requiring a small amount of sample. This review article puts forward electrochemical biosensing methods reported in the last five years for the determination of cytokines, summarizes recent developments and trends through a comprehensive discussion of selected strategies, and highlights the challenges to solve in this field. Considering the key role demonstrated in the last years by different materials (with nano or micrometric size and with or without magnetic properties), in the design of analytical performance-enhanced electrochemical biosensing strategies, special attention is paid to the methods exploiting these approaches.

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“…19 Metallic nanomaterials that contain LSPRs have shown a wide applicability for plasmon-mediated reactions. [20][21][22] Such reactions include chainlinking of gold nanoparticles, 23 fabrication of biosensors, 24 plasmon mediated drilling, 22 and performing surface chemistry such as CO 2 reduction, [25][26][27] water splitting for hydrogen production, [28][29][30] single oxygen production, 14 and artificial photosynthesis. 31 Multiplexed functionalization is of particular interest when several analytes can be spatially grafted over metallic structures solely using light irradiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%