Gradual vs. abrupt reduction of carpels in syncarpous gynoecia: A case study from <i>Polyscias</i> subg. <i>Arthrophyllum</i> (Araliaceae: Apiales)

Karpunina, Polina V.; Oskolski, Alexei A.; Nuraliev, Maxim S.; Lowry, Porter P.; Degtjareva, Galina V.; Samigullin, Tahir H.; Valiejo‐Roman, Carmen M.; Sokoloff, Dmitry D.

doi:10.3732/ajb.1600269

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…A gynoecium consisting of a single carpel is a rare feature in Apiales. It is known only in several species of the genus Polyscias (Araliaceae) [45]. In these species, calyx, corolla, and androecium are polysymmetric and normally pentamerous.…”

Section: Monosymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The symmetry of the entire flower depends on the orientation of the carpel with respect to the other whorls. In flowers with the ventral slit of the carpel occupying the radius of a petal or a stamen (e.g., Figures 3D, 4C-E, 10E in [45]), the symmetry plane of the gynoecium coincides with one of the symmetry planes of the rest of the flower, which results in the monosymmetry of the entire flower ( Figure 5E). However, in the cases of oblique carpel orientation, the flower appears to be asymmetric (see 4b), because the symmetry planes of the gynoecium and the other whorls do not coincide.…”

Section: Monosymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A trimerous gynoecium itself is characterized by polysymmetry in Apiales, or by monosymmetry in case of pseudomonomery; the other whorls are polysymmetric, with merism higher than three (most often pentamerous). The orientation of the gynoecium with respect to the other whorls is mostly unstable and oblique in these taxa (e.g., [45]; Karpunina et al, in prep. ), which makes the entire flower asymmetric.…”

Section: Asymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unequal rates of sepal growth. In some Apiales, the sepals are prominently unequal in size during early calyx development [3,6,27,33,45,71,75,76]. In such cases, the young calyx is asymmetric, though it is polysymmetric, or nearly so, at maturity.…”

Section: Minor Deviations From Polysymmetry In Particular Whorls Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that deviations of this kind also occur in oligomerous corollas and gynoecia (i.e., those of up to six petals and carpels) of Apiales. In a number of representatives from various lineages, an imprecise arrangement of valvate petals in the flower bud was recorded, manifested in the absence of a simultaneous contact between all the petals, e.g., by one of them being smaller and not reaching the floral center, and contacting only with two neighboring petals [3,28,45,61]. Similarly, in several species of Schefflera (Araliaceae) with a 5-6-merous gynoecium, an asymmetric contact between the plicate carpel parts was found [3,28,61].…”

Section: The Impact Of Merism and The Outline Of The Polymerous Gynoementioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of Diversity of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms: A Case Study of the Order Apiales

et al. 2019

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Floral symmetry is widely known as one of the most important structural traits of reproductive organs in angiosperms. It is tightly related to the shape and arrangement of floral parts, and at the same time, it plays a key role in general appearance (visual gestalt) of a flower, which is especially important for the interactions of zoophilous flowers with their pollinators. The traditional classification of floral symmetry divides nearly all the diversity of angiosperm flowers into actinomorphic and zygomorphic ones. Within this system, which is useful for ecological studies, many variations of symmetry appear to be disregarded. At the same time, the diversity of floral symmetry is underpinned not only by ecological factors, but also by morphogenetic mechanisms and constraints. Sometimes it is not an easy task to uncover the adaptive or developmental significance of a change of the floral symmetry in a particular lineage. Using the asterid order Apiales as a model group, we demonstrate that such changes can correlate with the merism of the entire flower or of its particular whorl, with the relative orientation of gynoecium to the rest of the flower, with the presence of sterile floral elements and other morphological characters. Besides, in some taxa, the shape and symmetry of the flower change in the course of its development, which should be taken in consideration in morphological comparisons and evaluations of synapomorphies in a particular clade. Finally, we show that different results can be obtained due to employment of different approaches: for instance, many flowers that are traditionally described as actinomorphic turn out to be disymmetric, monosymmetric, or asymmetric from a more detailed look. The traditional method of division into actinomorphy and zygomorphy deals with the general appearance of a flower, and mainly considers the shape of the corolla, while the geometrical approach handles the entire three-dimensional structure of the flower, and provides an exact number of its symmetry planes.

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Section: Monosymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monosymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Asymmetric Flowersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Minor Deviations From Polysymmetry In Particular Whorls Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Impact Of Merism and The Outline Of The Polymerous Gynoementioning

confidence: 99%

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Patterns of Diversity of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms: A Case Study of the Order Apiales

et al. 2019

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Flower Structure and Development ofSpondias tuberosaandTapirira guianensis(Spondioideae): Implications for the Evolution of the Unisexual Flowers and Pseudomonomery in Anacardiaceae

Tölke

Demarco

Carmello-Guerreiro

et al. 2021

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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Flower structure and development in Pennantiaceae: uncovering diversity of pseudomonomerous gynoecia in the basal grade of the order Apiales

Karpunina

Ford

Oskolski

et al. 2021

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

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Pseudomonomerous gynoecia with three (or four) carpels are unknown in the species-rich core group of Apiales, but this condition is shared by three species-poor families (Pennantiaceae, Torricelliaceae, Griseliniaceae) that form the basal grade of the order. Testing a hypothesis on the ancestral nature of carpel dimorphism in Apiales requires comparative data for all three lineages in this grade. We provide the first detailed description of flowers, including floral vasculature and gynoecium development, in a member of Pennantiaceae (Pennantia corymbosa). In contrast to many other Apiales, the inflorescence of Pennantia is paniculate and therefore has an unstable number of phyllomes in axes terminated by flowers. All phyllomes in the inflorescence are shifted onto lateral branches they subtend exhibiting recaulescence, a pattern that has not been reported elsewhere in Apiales. Plants are dioecious with functionally unisexual flowers. There are normally five stamens alternating with five petals. Anthers are present and produce pollen in stamens of male as well as female flowers, but ventral microsporangia are reduced in some anthers of female flowers. Anther morphology sometimes varies even among stamens of the same flower. Two types of synthecal anthers are recorded. Pollen dimorphism is confirmed: inaperturate pollen produced by stamens of female flowers supposedly acts as the only reward for pollinators in the absence of nectaries. The gynoecium of the female flower is syncarpous and pseudomonomerous: only one of three carpels is fertile. The gynoecium is initiated as three carpel primordia (future stigmas). One of them is smaller than the other two and occupies an alternistaminal (and antepetalous) position. The two large carpel primordia are located in the radii of stamens that are generally smaller (early in development) than the three other stamens. The carpel dimorphism is maintained at anthesis. The carpel with the smaller stigma is fertile, and those with larger stigmas are sterile. The carpels are congenitally united below the stigmas. The ovary is superior, unilocular (vs. inferior and plurilocular in Torricelliaceae and Griseliniaceae) and usually uniovulate with pendent ovule(s) inserted at the cross-zone level of the fertile carpel. As in most other Apiales, the short symplicate zone is sealed by postgenital fusion at anthesis and forms an internal compitum. The fertile carpel of the members of the basal grade of Apiales investigated so far is uniformly arranged in a petal radius. This is consistent with the idea that pseudomonomery is associated with stable patterns of flower groundplan in Apiales. Our data do not provide any clear structural or developmental evidence of independent origins of carpel dimorphism in Pennantiaceae, Torricelliaceae and Griseliniaceae.

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Gradual vs. abrupt reduction of carpels in syncarpous gynoecia: A case study from Polyscias subg. Arthrophyllum (Araliaceae: Apiales)

Cited by 7 publications

References 74 publications

Patterns of Diversity of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms: A Case Study of the Order Apiales

Patterns of Diversity of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms: A Case Study of the Order Apiales

Flower Structure and Development ofSpondias tuberosaandTapirira guianensis(Spondioideae): Implications for the Evolution of the Unisexual Flowers and Pseudomonomery in Anacardiaceae

Flower structure and development in Pennantiaceae: uncovering diversity of pseudomonomerous gynoecia in the basal grade of the order Apiales

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