“…Another major obstacle to practical structural applications of nanostructured metals is the challenge in scaling up for industrial production at low cost [26]. ferent microstructures, including the gradient structure [27][28][29][30][31][32], heterogeneous lamella structure [33], bimodal structure [10,25,34,35], harmonic structure [36][37][38], laminate structure [39,40], dual-phase steel [41][42][43], nanodomained structure [44], nanotwinned grains [45,46], etc. [47].…”