“…For centralized schemes, the approaches are mixed integer linear programming [2], mixed integer nonlinear programming [10], neural network [27], gradient descent method [13], [14], [28], dynamic programming [7], [21], [26], fuzzy logic [8], [16], particle swarm optimization [11], [24], evolutionary algorithms [1], [23], and others. The optimization problem is solved by the control center with the information collected from the remote terminal units (RTUs) and the control action is sent back to the RTUs.…”