Graded d-spacing multilayer telescope for high-energy x-ray astronomy

Christensen, Finn Erland; Hornstrup, A.; Westergaard, N. J.; Schnopper, H. W.; Wood, James L.; Parker, Kevin J.

doi:10.1117/12.51230

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Since the field of view of a grazing incidence telescope is approximately equal to the average graze angle, metal-coated optics will have small fields of view at high energy. To overcome this limitation, a number of future astronomical telescopes will employ depthgraded multilayer coatings, 6 which exploit the principal of Bragg reflection to increase the graze angles at which significant reflectance can be achieved. This enables high throughput with moderate (∼ 10 ) FoV.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Advance Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT) for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Hunter

Bloser

Dion

et al. 2010

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

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The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5 -80 keV) telescope to orbit. NuSTAR will offer a factor 50 -100 sensitivity improvement compared to previous collimated or coded mask imagers that have operated in this energy band. In addition, NuSTAR provides sub-arcminute imaging with good spectral resolution over a 12-arcminute field of view. After launch, NuSTAR will carry out a two-year primary science mission that focuses on four key programs: studying the evolution of massive black holes through surveys carried out in fields with excellent multiwavelength coverage, understanding the population of compact objects and the nature of the massive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, constraining explosion dynamics and nucleosynthesis in supernovae, and probing the nature of particle acceleration in relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei. A number of additional observations will be included in the primary mission, and a guest observer program will be proposed for an extended mission to expand the range of scientific targets. The payload consists of two co-aligned depth-graded multilayer coated grazing incidence optics focused onto solid state CdZnTe pixel detectors. To be launched in early 2012 on a Pegasus rocket into a low-inclination Earth orbit, NuSTAR largely avoids SAA passages, and will therefore have low and stable detector backgrounds. The telescope achieves a 10.15-meter focal length through on-orbit deployment of an extendable mast. An aspect and alignment metrology system enable reconstruction of the absolute aspect and variations in the telescope alignment resulting from mast flexure during ground data processing. Data will be publicly available at GSFC's High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) following validation at the science operations center located at Caltech.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the Advance Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT) for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Hunter

Bloser

Dion

et al. 2010

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

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“…A uniform multilayer has efficient response only over a narrow range of energies. The invention of graded multilayers has made possible mirrors with a broadband response [22]. The layers have increasing thickness according to some prescription as a function of distance from the substrate.…”

Section: Multilayersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thin Shell, Segmented X-Ray Mirrors

Petre

2010

X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation

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Thin foil mirrors were introduced as a means of achieving high throughput in an X-ray astronomical imaging system in applications for which high angular resolution was not necessary. Since their introduction, their high filling factor, modest mass, relative ease of construction, and modest cost have led to their use in numerous X-ray observatories, including the Broad Band X-ray Telescope, ASCA, and Suzaku. The introduction of key innovations, including epoxy replicated surfaces, multilayer coatings, and glass mirror substrates, has led to performance improvements and in their becoming widely used for X-ray astronomical imaging at energies above 10 keV. The use of glass substrates has also led to substantial improvement in angular resolution and thus their incorporation into the NASA concept for the International X-ray Observatory with a planned 3 m diameter aperture. This paper traces the development of foil mirrors from their inception in the 1970s through their current and anticipated future applications.

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“…To extend the energy band, several groups proposed using multilayer coatings in conjunction with Wolter-like optical designs [17,18]. Just as multilayers can affect the transmission or reflection of visible wavelength light, alternating layers of material with a differing n can affect the reflection of x-rays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-ray mirrors for direct measurement of spent nuclear fuel

Pivovaroff

Ziock

Fernández-Perea

et al. 2014

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Direct measurement of the amount of Pu and U in spent nuclear fuel represents a challenge for the safeguards community. Ideally, the characteristic gamma-ray emission lines from different isotopes provide an observable suitable for this task. However, these lines are generally lost in the fierce flux of radiation emitted by the fuel. The rates are so high that detector dead times limit measurements to only very small solid angles of the fuel. Only through the use of carefully designed view ports and long dwell times are such measurements possible. Recent advances in multilayer grazing-incidence gamma-ray optics provide one possible means of overcoming this difficulty. With a proper optical and coating design, such optics can serve as a notch filter, passing only narrow regions of the overall spectrum to a fully shielded detector that does not view the spent fuel directly. We report on the design of a mirror system and detector and a number of experimental measurements.

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Graded d-spacing multilayer telescope for high-energy x-ray astronomy

Cited by 40 publications

References 5 publications

Development of the Advance Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT) for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Development of the Advance Energetic Pair Telescope (AdEPT) for medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Thin Shell, Segmented X-Ray Mirrors

Gamma-ray mirrors for direct measurement of spent nuclear fuel

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