GPS-derived Deformation of the Central Andes Including the 1995 Antofagasta M w = 8.0 Earthquake

Klotz, J.; Angermann, D; Michel, G; Porth, R.; Reigber, Ch.; Reinking, Jörg; Viramonte, J.; Perdomo, R.; Ríos, V. H.; Barrientos, Sergio; Barriga, R.; Cifuentes, O.

doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8679-6_14

Cited by 38 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Like the Izmit event, a relatively dense GPS network was deployed in the region of Antofagasta, Chile just prior to the M 8.1 plate boundary event that occurred in July 1995 [ Delouis et al , 1998; Delouis et al , 1997; Klotz et al , 2001, 1999; Pritchard et al , 2002; Ruegg et al , 1996]. However, whereas Izmit was a near‐vertical strike‐slip fault, Antofagasta was a low‐angle subduction zone earthquake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coseismic vertical axis rotation rate and principal infinitesimal strain rate axes for the 1995 M 8.1 Antofagasta earthquake. Analyzed data are from Klotz et al [1999]. Dashed black ellipse shows the general extent of the Antofagasta rupture segment [ Pritchard et al , 2006].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former study includes data originally reported by Norabuena et al [1998] but reprocessed using the same reference frame as the other two studies. GPS data from the region between 23° and 26°S have been omitted because that region was perturbed by the 1995 M = 8.1 Antofagasta interplate earthquake and the signal there is dominantly coseismic [ Klotz et al , 1999]. In general, GPS vectors throughout the Andes (Figure 1) are approximately parallel to the plate convergence direction.…”

Section: Plateausmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

2007

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[1] Deformation measured by regional GPS networks in continental plateaus reflects the geologic and tectonic variability of the plateaus. For two collisional plateaus (Tibet and Anatolia) and one noncollisional (the Altiplano), we analyze the regional strain and rotation rate by inverting GPS velocities to calculate the full two-dimensional velocity gradient tensor. To test the method, we use gridded velocities determined from an elastic block model for the eastern Mediterranean/ Middle East region and show that to a first order, the deformation calculated directly from the GPS vectors provides an accurate description of regional deformation patterns. Principal shortening and extension rate axes, vertical axis rotation, and two-dimensional (2-D) volume strain (dilatation) are very consistent with long-term geological features over large areas, indicating that the GPS velocity fields reflect processes responsible for the recent geologic evolution of the plateaus. Differences between geological and GPS descriptions of deformation can be attributed either to GPS networks that are too sparse to capture local interseismic deformation, or to permanent deformation that accrues during strong earthquakes. The Altiplano has higher internal shortening magnitudes than the other two plateaus and negative 2-D dilatation everywhere. Vertical axis rotation changes sign across the topographic symmetry axis and is due to distributed deformation throughout the plateau. In contrast, the collisional plateaus have large regions of quasi-rigid body rotation bounded by strike-slip faults with the opposite rotation sense from the rotating blocks. Tibet and Anatolia are the mirror images of each other; both have regions of positive dilatation on the outboard sides of the rotating blocks. Positive dilatation in the Aegean correlates with a region of crustal thinning, whereas that in eastern Tibet and Yunnan province in China is associated with an area of vertical uplift. Rollback of the Hellenic trench clearly facilitates the rotation of Anatolia; rollback of the Sumatra-Burma trench probably also enables rotation about the eastern syntaxis of Tibet. Citation: Allmendinger, R. W., R. Reilinger, and J. Loveless (2007), Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano, Tectonics, 26, TC3013,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plateausmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

2007

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“…During the last decade, GPS surveys have produced fundamental data for understanding the seismic cycle of subduction earthquakes in the Andean forearc [ Ruegg et al , 1996; Bevis et al , 1999; Klotz et al , 1999]. Using a stable South America reference frame, Bevis et al [1999] demonstrated that the interseismic period is characterized by a velocity field nearly parallel to the NUVEL1A‐1 plate vector [ DeMets et al , 1994] between South America and the Nazca Plate.…”

Section: Tectonical and Seismotectonic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the most recent activity on this fault is characterized by vertical movement compatible with trench‐parallel extension [ Delouis et al , 1998; González et al , 2003]. At present, there is debate about the kinematic role of this fault during present‐day convergence [ Armijo and Thiele , 1990] and the relationship between recent deformation on the AFS and the subduction zone earthquake cycle [ Delouis et al , 1998; Klotz et al , 1999; González et al , 2003]. To resolve these issues, the following fundamental questions need to be addressed: when did the ground ruptures related to the young motion of the AFS start?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young displacements on the Atacama Fault System, northern Chile from field observations and cosmogenic ²¹Ne concentrations

et al. 2006

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We present the first numerical age constraint for young deformation of the Atacama Fault System (AFS) in northern Chile. The young activity of the AFS is expressed by several fault scarps which affects alluvial fan sediments of the eastern side of the Coastal Cordillera (23°30′–23°42′S). Detailed mapping of alluvial fans reveals a complex relationship between fault motion, erosion and alluvial fan development. An older group of alluvial fans became inactive prior to the scarp formation. Younger alluvial fans, arising directly from feeder channels and entrenched in the fault scarps, posts date the scarp formation. The youngest slip on the AFS is recorded by headward eroding channels entrenched across the scarp which are in turn displaced vertically 0.3–0.5 m by the fault. Quartz fragments in four sites on the older inactive fan group were analyzed for cosmogenic 21Ne concentrations yielding an average age of 424 ± 151 ka, the upper limit for the recent activity of the fault. Combined with the height of fault scarp, we calculate a 0.01 mm/yr minimum vertical fault slip rate. Thus young displacement on the AFS is Quaternary in age and confined to the late Pleistocene.

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Fault zone controlled seafloor methane seepage in the rupture area of the 2010 Maule earthquake, Central Chile

Geersen

Scholz

Линке

et al. 2016

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Seafloor seepage of hydrocarbon-bearing fluids has been identified in a number of marine fore arcs. However, temporal variations in seep activity and the structural and tectonic parameters that control the seepage often remain poorly constrained. Subduction zone earthquakes, for example, are often discussed to trigger seafloor seepage but causal links that go beyond theoretical considerations have not yet been fully established. This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of offshore epicentral areas, the infrequent occurrence of large earthquakes, and challenges associated with offshore monitoring of seepage over large areas and sufficient time periods. Here we report visual, geochemical, geophysical, and modeling results and observations from the Concepcion Methane Seep Area (offshore Central Chile) located in the rupture area of the 2010 Mw. 8.8 Maule earthquake. High methane concentrations in the oceanic water column and a shallow subbottom depth of sulfate penetration indicate active methane seepage. The stable carbon isotope signature of the methane and hydrocarbon composition of the released gas indicate a mixture of shallow-sourced biogenic gas and a deeper sourced thermogenic component. Pristine fissures and fractures observed at the seafloor together with seismically imaged large faults in the marine fore arc may represent effective pathways for methane migration. Upper plate fault activity with hydraulic fracturing and dilation is in line with increased normal Coulomb stress during large plate-boundary earthquakes, as exemplarily modeled for the 2010 earthquake. On a global perspective our results point out the possible role of recurring large subduction zone earthquakes in driving hydrocarbon seepage from marine fore arcs over long timescales.

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GPS-derived Deformation of the Central Andes Including the 1995 Antofagasta M w = 8.0 Earthquake

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

Young displacements on the Atacama Fault System, northern Chile from field observations and cosmogenic ²¹Ne concentrations

Fault zone controlled seafloor methane seepage in the rupture area of the 2010 Maule earthquake, Central Chile

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GPS-derived Deformation of the Central Andes Including the 1995 Antofagasta M w = 8.0 Earthquake

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano

Young displacements on the Atacama Fault System, northern Chile from field observations and cosmogenic 21Ne concentrations

Fault zone controlled seafloor methane seepage in the rupture area of the 2010 Maule earthquake, Central Chile

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Young displacements on the Atacama Fault System, northern Chile from field observations and cosmogenic ²¹Ne concentrations